A Time to Kill Review and Commentary - 1952 Words

A Review and Commentary On:A Time to Kill By John GrishamA Time to Kill written by John Grisham is a book that presents the high racial tensions in Canton Mississippi in the early 1990 s. The book opens with two young men, James Lewis Willard and Billy Ray Cobb, joy riding in their brand new yellow pick up truck decked out with Confederate flags. They speed though black neighborhoods throwing full beer bottles at people and houses, until they come across ten-year-old Tonya Hailey walking home from the grocery store. The men pull over, trap her, rape her repeatedly, beat her, hang her, throw her off a bridge and leave her for dead. Her siblings find Tonya later that day, barely alive, her father, Carl Lee Hailey., and the black community†¦show more content†¦Jake calls Carl Lee to stand; Carl Lee admits he felt outside himself during the shooting of the men and how he could not forget Tonya told him that she called out for him while the men were hurting her but he did not com e. When Buckley cross-examines, he pushed Carl Lee to say that he believed that the men deserved to die and he hopes they burn in hell. At that point Jake is convinced that they will lose, he confronts Carl Lee about accepting a plea bargain. Carl Lee refuses, he tells Jake You think just like them (the jury) that s why I picked youÂ… How s a black man ever gonna get a fair trail with the enemy behind the bench and in the jury box? My life is in white hands. You Jake, are my secret weapon- you are one of the bad guysÂ… you don t mean to be but you areÂ… you see me as differentÂ… you see me like that jury sees meÂ… if you were on the jury what would it take to convince you to set me free. That s how you save my ass. The next morning during closing statements, Jake urges the jury to seek truth not with their eyes and minds were fear and hate are a commonality to prejudice, but with their heart where they do not know any better. He then vividly recounts every brutal deta il of Tonya s attack, he asks the jury Can you see her? Now imagine she is white. Carl Lee is found innocent and released immediately; he hurries out to meet and embraces Tonya outside the courthouse. A Time to Kill is anShow MoreRelatedReading Into Amiri Baraka s The Sixties : A Very Compare And Contrast Of Ideas Of Interpretations907 Words   |  4 PagesChania Whitaker Article Review Fall 2015 AAA Literature 20 Reading into Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman in the context of how plays in the early 60s: A compare and contrast of ideas of interpretations. Reading Dutchman by Amiri Baraka was made a bit challenging because it was a play written exclusively for it’s commentary of race relations in America in the time period it was written in. While enjoying black art is important, it’s even more important to truly understand the message it is giving. 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Benefits Of Illegal Migrant Workers - 1486 Words

Once working in the U.S., undocumented migrant laborers are perfectly exploitable. Because they are not citizens or on work visas, they essentially have no rights in the minds of some farms. Farms may provide poor quality housing, but no other work benefits. Agriculture doesn’t have to pay hourly minimum wage, so instead workers are paid by piece rate: employment in which a worker is paid a fixed rate for each unit produced no matter the time invested. In some areas, farms make it appear that they are paying laborers minimum wage by requiring laborers to pick enough produce to equal a full day’s pay. Over exhaustion induced by this is typically untreated because of the lack of proper medical care available to migrant workers; either because of personal funds, or ignorant lenses through which doctors view Mexican migrant patients (Holmes, 2013, p. 113). Then if a laborer expresses any issues to their employers, employers will use the labor’s undocumented status ag ainst them. Essentially, they’ll threaten the laborer with deportation if the laborer were to make any action against the farm because of labor rights violations--first hand manipulation of the social divides of labor. Yet, if the conditions of this job are so poor, and the laborers severely exploited, why do people still choose to make the dangerous journey? The answer is documented in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies by Seth Holmes. After spending time working and living with Mexican migrant laborers to better understandShow MoreRelated Illegal Immigrants: A Modern Day Grapes of Wrath Essays1538 Words   |  7 Pagesdepicted in John Steinbecks novel Grapes of Wrath the 1930s was a time when migrant workers like the storys Joad family had to leave their homes, cross a perilous desert, live through the social injustices of the time, and work at jobs with low insufficient pay just to have a better life (Steinbeck). 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Working Legally In Australia The organization is bound by the Migration Act 1968, which criminalizes employment of an illegal worker, or refer an illegal worker

My First Day on the Job Essay Example For Students

My First Day on the Job Essay I never would have believed that I was going to work in a retail store before reaching the age of sixteen, but I actually got to. It was an amazing day. I was ecstatic, overjoyed, and euphoric. It was definitely not your average school day, since typically I’m stuck in school having to copy notes for the whole day. It was the morning of November 27, 2013, the most glacial day of the year. I stepped out of the car, grabbed my lunch bag, and locked the doors. As soon as I exited the car the sound of a bomb going off reverberated throughout the deserted parking lot. I quickly looked around to see where the outrageous sound had come from, but saw nothing. My mother told me to get inside quickly, so I scurried through the wet snow to the front of the store. On my way across the parking lot I glanced up towards the sign above the entrance, and noticed a huge gap at the beginning of the work â€Å"Marks. † The â€Å"M† must have been pried off the stucco wall and disappeared into the blowing snow. The moment I stepped into the store I was greeted by Linda, who would be training/working with me for the day. She was very short, very helpful, and very sweet. For about 1 hour Linda showed me around the store, and explained to me the proper and the improper procedures and guidelines. At nine oclock sharp the store was opened, and many customers rushed through the doors chatting amongst each other. When a customer brought their items to the cash, I would remove the security tags, by using a special tool (it took AWHILE to get the hang of). Meanwhile Linda would operate the cash register, because I was too young. My first impression of the day was that there would be a lot of pressure for me to finish all my assigned tasks and duties. I was totally wrong, it seemed as if I didnt have any work at all. All of the employees worked with one another, making everyone’s jobs a lot easier. During my lunch break I got to eat in front of a large flat screen TV, which looked brand spanking new. The lunchroom had a microwave, oven, dishwasher, fridge, freezer, toaster, and a coffee machine. The smell of the room was a combination of overcooked lasagna, and freshly baked oatmeal cookies. My lunch was very displeasing, it felt extremely soggy, and tasted irregular, because it had been made the night before. After my lunch break, Gary took me to the back of the store, which was used as a receiving area and kept the extra merchandise. He explained their system behind the secret codes that is on all the products. I found the cleanliness of the workspace immaculate, and I was able to find everything that I needed to complete all of my tasks. Overall, I had an extraordinary experience, and it was a real eye opener for me. I loved the fact that all the people I talked with replied to me with either a â€Å"thank-you,† a â€Å"your welcome,† or a â€Å"great job. † I believe that if the school board hadn’t provided the grade nines with this opportunity, I wouldnt know what to prepare for, or what to expect when I go to my first actual job. Another huge thing I realized was that, my mother (assistant manager) didnt just sit on her butt all day. She has an enormous amount of problems, tasks, and complaints to all deal with every single day.

The Role of Racism in American Art during the 1930s And 1940s

American history has been marred with controversial issues such as racism perpetrated by the whites towards their African American counterparts. The system of chattel slavery established at the very outset generated intense debates for over two hundred years even in the framing of the major founding documents of the nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Racism in American Art during the 1930s And 1940s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This also led to the onset of the civil war. Many Americans presumably of European ancestry suspect that they have ties to the Romany, Middle Eastern or African-descended people. These ideas originate from interpretation of family stories, physical features, inclinations, heirlooms, or photographs. Many blacks who have family stories that include a Native American ancestor will point to the black foot as the possible tribal identification (Chin, 2004). Racist perceptio ns and inequities were deeply embedded in American society in the 1930s. The idea of racial difference was accepted as self evident during this time. By the end of the 20th century, however, scholars and theorists began to reevaluate this concept. They argued that the notion of racism is based on social constructions rather than in biology. Thus, they said that racism is a social relation (Langa, 2004). During this period, in New York City, an unusual number of artistes responded to international issues, both by addressing them in their art and also by organizing demonstrations, conferences, and fund raising events. Their visual images caricatured fascist leaders, protested war’s horror generally, and highlighted the deadly results of the civil war. This period also oversaw the increase in number of many leftist organizations. However, many right wing attitudes and organizations also flourished during this period. It is important to note that antifascism also acted as a defen se of artistic freedom. Many American artists came to newly admire the constitution’s democratic protections for freedom of expression. Essays calling attention to the dangers of fascist expression and the benefits of American political freedom proliferated in both the main stream and leftist art press. Many artists during this time came to understand how important freedom of expression is to their livelihood. Racism therefore affected American art in many ways during this period. The history of racism reflects the complex social relations through which racial differences have been defined. Racism shaped the American cultural ideologies and individual self definition. During this period, artists and viewers drew the scientifically false but historically meaningful terms such as blacks, whites, and African Americans, to construct and defend their own personal and social identities. There were many deliberating effects of prejudiced beliefs about racial differences. One of them is the isolation of Americans from other ethnic communities. In response, some elite black renaissance developed alternative aesthetic theories that were pretty much kind of ‘race positive’ rejoinders. For instance, during the 1930s some black intellectuals called on black artists and writers to celebrate the ideal of ‘negritude’.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They also called upon them to recapture the cultural values of their African heritage and create works that self consciously emphasized their own racial identities and the cultural accomplishments of the black Americans. However, whiteness remained the unstated category of normative identity in America. It was a term threatened by both visible and invisible racialized and ethnic differences believed to menace American democracy’s supposedly pure ‘Anglo-Saxon’ foundations. Since whit eness was an attitude, most of the works done by whites were accepted as universal expressions of human experiences. It was quite rare for whites’ audiences to similarly generalize from works created by African American artists. The works done by blacks were expected to hold relevance only to the black community during this period (Muller and Elvehjem Museum of Art, 1989). Reference List Chin, L. J. (2004). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination: Racism in America. Westport: Praeger Publishers, Langa, H. (2004). Radical Art: Print making and the Left in 1930s. New York. University of California Press. Muller, M.L. and Elvehjem Museum of Art (1989). Imagery of Dissent: Protest art from the 1930s and 1960s. Wisconsin: Regents of the University of Wisconsin System This essay on The Role of Racism in American Art during the 1930s And 1940s was written and submitted by user MadameMasque to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Intersexuality And Scripture Essays - Gender, Sex, Intersex

Intersexuality And Scripture Essays - Gender, Sex, Intersex Intersexuality And Scripture Intersexuality and Scripture Sally Gross As a brute physical phenomenon, the bodiliness of people like us who are born intersexed challenges cherished assumptions about sex and gender made by many people within Western society. A variety of social institutions, including the dominant canons of medical practice and conceptions, much of the domain of the law itself, and some of the religious teachings which have loomed so large in the history of the West, tend strongly to support the notion that sex and gender is a dichotomy, and that any given human being is either deterninately and unequivocally male or determinately and unequivocally female. Congenitally intersexed physicality gives the lie to this dichotomous model of sex and gender. It is scant wonder, therefore, that fundamentalist Christians, who could be expected strongly to support the dichotomy which looms so large in the idealised model of the family, should feel threatened by the phenomenon of intersexuality and should seek to find religious arguments against it. It is not uncommon for Christian fundamentalists, faced with intersexuality as a brute fact, to adduce scriptural grounds for the condemnation of avowed intersexuality, at least, as ''unnatural'' and as something which is at odds with the will of God as expressed in the order of creation. This theological condemnation of lived intersexual identities also finds expression in unconditional support for surgical interventions, as early as possible, aimed at making the unacceptably ambiguous bodies of intersexed infants and children conform to the dichotomous model, in which there is no room whatsoever for ambiguity. This apparently religiously-motivated endorsement of surgery is insensitive to the fact that in most cases surgery is not necessitated by any real threat to the life or health of the infant, so that it is purely cosmetic in character. It is also insensitive to the fact that such aesthetically-driven surgical interventions frequently give rise to medical problems later in lif e, and can therefore be directly detrimental to the health of an otherwise flourishing intersexed person. Two Biblical proof-texts in particular tend to be cited as part of this rejection of intersexual identities and to show that intersexed bodies must be cut into conformity with the male/female dichotomy. The first of these texts is Genesis 1:27: ''So God created man [the Hebrew is ''Adam''] in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.'' This is claimed to show that human beings are, by virtue of the divine ordering of creating itself, either male and not female or female and not male, and that nothing intermediate or ambiguous is sanctioned. The second of these proof-texts is Numbers 5:3 which, in connexion with those who contract particular ritual defilements, commands that ''you shall put out both male and female''. Those who brandish this verse note that ''both male and female'' means everyone, and that this implies that there can be no-one who is not unambiguously male or unambiguously female. Both proof-texts, but particularly Genesis 1:27, are cited in defence of an absolute division between the sexes which will not tolerate anything in between. Let us therefore look at Genesis 1:27. I am not personally a Biblical literalist, and doubt that the two Biblical stories of creation (a priestly account, in Genesis 1:1 - 2:3, and what is called the Yahwist's account, in Genesis 2:4 - 2:24) were even intended to be taken literally. For all that, it is interesting to note that Genesis 1:27, the proof-text for Biblical literalists who wish to argue that hermaphroditism is somehow unnatural or unscriptural, is perhaps more ''herm-friendly'' than many Biblical literalists realise or than translations suggest; and there are early Jewish exegetical traditions which undermine its use as a scriptural rejection of intersex identity. Genesis 1:27 and Numbers 5:3 (which also has a section which the RSV translated as: ''both male and female'', used as synonymous with ''everyone'') have sometimes been thrown at me in order to argue that God created all human beings determinately male or determinately female with nothing in-between. It has been used, in my experience, to argue that a person like me does not satisfy the Biblical criterion of humanity, from which it was inferred that I am

Homemade Dippin Dots Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream

Homemade Dippin' Dots Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Dippin Dots consist of ice cream that has been flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The process is actually really simple and makes a terrific project for kids. Heres how to make your own Dippin Dots ice cream. Dippin' Dots Ice Cream Materials Ice cream dots are produced by pouring ice cream into liquid nitrogen. The warmer ice cream mixture splatters upon contact with the nitrogen and freezes in shape. Liquid nitrogenIce cream (any flavor, but dont use an ice cream with mix-ins)Plastic, metal or wooden bowlWooden spoon Dippin dots is a popular ice cream frozen using liquid nitrogen. George Rose / Getty Images Make the Dippin' Dots! The Dippin Dots that you can buy come in lots of colors, which are made by adding multiple flavors of ice cream mix or melted ice cream to liquid nitrogen. If you want multicolored dots you will need to add more than one flavor of ice cream. Add the flavors one at a time. Dont melt them together or youll just get one color! Prepare ice cream mix or melt ice cream. If you are melting ice cream, allow it to sit for a while before continuing because you want the air bubbles in the ice cream to escape. If there is too much air in your ice cream it will float on the surface of the nitrogen and freeze in clumps rather than balls. If you are making your own ice cream, you can use whatever recipe you like. An easy version is to mix:4 cups heavy cream (whipping cream)1-1/2 cups half and half1 teaspoon vanilla extract1-1/2 cups sugar1/4 cup chocolate syrupDrizzle the melted ice cream or ice cream recipe onto the liquid nitrogen. If you are having trouble pouring the liquid, you can squirt the ice cream in using a baster or plastic ketchup bottle.Stir the nitrogen while adding the ice cream. You want to keep the ice cream from floating or clumping together. You can keep adding ice cream until there isnt room for any more.Scoop up the ice cream to eat it. Let it warm up to at least regular freezer temperature befor e putting any in your mouth or else it will stick to your tongue or the roof of your mouth! You can keep uneaten ice cream dots frozen by storing them in the freezer.

Globalisation Transationals and Economic Policy Essay

Globalisation Transationals and Economic Policy - Essay Example 136-137). Assuming that Boeing has a headstart, the likely outcome is that of Airbus deciding not to produce the aircraft, in favor of 0 loss, rather than to enter the market against Boeing, in which both firms would each incur losses amounting to -5. However, once Europe decides to subsidize Airbus, the outcome of the game shifts in favor of Airbus, and it can decide to go head-on with Boeing in the market, earning profits while Boeing incurs losses. Moreover, should Boeing decide to not produce as it would be incurring 0 loss in this, Airbus by producing the aircraft would allow it to raise its profits from 0 loss in the previous scenario with no subsidy to 110 profits post-subsidy by Europe. Krugman further notes that out of this, 100 represents a gain of national income for Europe, and conversely, a loss of the same amount for America. This shows that under some circumstances, a country can lift its welfare by supporting its own firms against foreign competitors. At the same time , a domestic firm can lower the profits of other firms which wish to enter the domestic market. Another reason for strategic trade policy as the case above is when viewed from the possibility of existence of external economies - one in which it has been observed that innovative firms, with huge investments in R&D fail to "appropriate fully the knowledge they create". This case is not evident in "perfectly competitive models" as when increasing returns is tied with economies of scale in markets with imperfect competition. The argument for strategic trade policy based on externalities however need not affect other countries' welfare negatively - as when governments choose particular industries or firms to support. However, this is not the case when externalities are at the national level, in which clearly free trade is at the mercy of a government's protectionist policies. Pursuing a strategic trade policy is limited by at least three factors that make it a less desirable option. First, external economies are difficult to measure, measurement of which is needed to formulate interventionist policies (i.e. difficult to measure the exact external benefit of say, a $10 investment in R&D). Second, rent-seeking firms could water down the gains from interventionist policies. Third, a country's considerations for its economy overall adds greatly to the empirical difficulty of formulating strategic trade policies (that is, "a country cannot protect everything and subsidize everything"). The above considerations however, according to Krugman do not render the pursuit of strategic trade policy undesirable. In most cases, they point to caution as to the difficulties are due to empirical considerations - and yet, governments are not altogether, lacking in information. In what sense, of any, is it appropriate to consider that international trade in today's world is free International trade in today's world can be considered free to a certain extent by measuring the progress done compared to the past. For example one indicator suggests that the pace of international tra

Cae Inc. Recommendation To Acquire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cae Inc. Recommendation To Acquire - Essay Example These recommendations are based on the previous analysis of the firm’s current performance and Strengths, Weakness Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis. An accord recommendation is established by an optimal comparison of numerical figures, estimating average values to the closest integer. In most cases, a non-US based research is more suitable for determining the future of the company since the company operates internationally in 20 countries (CAE Global Academy Official site, 2012). Recommendations to Acquire With reference to the firm’s two year price target range, it is prudent to conclude that the company’s agreed price to acquire is $ 13.6 for the shares of the firm (Zacks Investment Research, 2012). The price targets are determined by approximating the future earnings per security and then making use of the multiple of price to earnings commonly known as the price earnings ratio. As shown in the diagram below it would be appropriate for the company to acquire another firm when the share price is at its highest level since the target firm will be forced to lower its share price in preference for a better performing firm such as CAE Inc. at the lowest share price which is less than $ 9.50 the company will not be in a position to acquire the target firm given the many different rivals in the market. Source: Attachments From the SWOT analysis in the preliminary report earlier on handed, it is noted that the company has a variety of opportunities available which includes the underdeveloped health care and mining industries (Annual Report of the CAE. 2012). This analysis is important to the firm as it would be appropriate for it to make bid for the firms in the respective industries at 10Am or 1 Pm when the day’s share prices are selling at a maximum share offer. As shown in the diagram below the quoted price is highest at $ 10.08 at the indicated times. Thus the assumption from the diagram below is that the bids to be considere d by the firm must be launched at either 10am or 1pm for the respective firms. Source: Attachments The company must not ignore the potential threats available which include the reduction in the defense services and military markets globally as well as the escalating fuel and the energy prices. These must be taken into consideration when making bids for the target firm. The price consented to must incorporate possible impact of the rise in the fuel prices. This is to avoid loss making in the first years of operation after the takeover or acquisition process. The process of acquisition entails various costs which must not be ignored by the financial analysts of the firm. In this point of view, it is necessary for the company to bear in mind the momentum of the analysts’ reviews. Notably, there seem to be a positive or constructive analysis or prediction of the firm’s future growth. The momentum stands at 7 of 9 approximations predicting an upward growth of the firm by an EPS mean change of 1.33 by the year 2013 (CAE Global Academy Official site, 2012). The valuation of the firm is considerably high which must be in line with the potential target firms. From the preliminary report, it has been noted with a lot of concern that the Healthcare market which is one of the main areas of operations by the firm has a diversity of shortcomings and opportunities.

Financial Ratios and Division Managers Essay Example for Free

Financial Ratios and Division Managers Essay The front desk receptionist routinely takes an extra 20 minutes of lunch to run personal errands. Agency Problem: she took an extra 20 minutes to do her personal errands instead of working, which she puts her own self interests before the best interests of the company. Occurred cost: the salary that the company pays to her. The solution would depend on the boss on her work performance in the past. If she has an important personal errand to do during that time, then boss might need to talk to her and explain the solution for her. This problem can be final dealt by clocking-in and clocking-out even time for lunch hours. B) Division managers are padding cost estimates so as to show short-term efficiency gains when the costs come in lower than the estimates. Agency Problem: Division managers use their authority to mislead information and a problem exists when management and stockholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run in short-term. It will mess up the management in order to plan costs. Also it might ruin the number balance sheets and which could affect future gains. This might mean that the division managers who wish to engage in capital expenditures can now secure a short-term benefit from lower estimates. Occurred cost: The solution is management should monitor division managers performance and might give managers the performance shares which result in meeting the stated performance goals. These goals must be more efficient and accurate in order for management to plan goal to generate profit. Agency cost: By reducing and by providing appropriate incentives to align the interests to division managers. C) The firm’s chief executive officer has secret talks with a competitor about the possibility of a merger in which he would become the CEO of the combined firms. Agency Problem: The chief executive officer risks negative behavior because of dealing with the competition and did not involve his company’s best interests. He is putting his needs of planning a secret merger with his competition, which most likely can result potential profit for him, and possibly his company, if the merger is a positive one. Since he knows that his merger will occur (due to the fact of his direct â€Å"under the table† dealings with his competition), he can then go forward openly with his own company to promote the merger. Occurred cost: The CEO should know himself and the risks of CEO overconfidence. His behavior results in exactly this type of good faith mismanagement of the business. It is very important that the company should continue improving both legal and non-legal mechanisms that remedy conflict-of-interest problems by guarding against looting, fraud, and other forms of corporate corruption and disloyalty and by incentivizing managers to maximize shareholder value. The added challenge for corporate governance is to move beyond managerial motives to account more for human psychology and how managers actually behave and make business decisions when they are well-intentioned. D) A branch manager lay off experienced fulltime employees and staffs customer service positions with part-time or temporary workers to lower employment costs and raise this year’s branch profit. The manager’s bonus is based on profitability. Agency Problem: the branch manager created the personal goal to get more bonuses which depends on profitability and did not look into the company’s performance. Occurred cost: the management should be able to see that profitability does not come from sales. The cross section analysis helps the analyst to find out as to how a particular firm has performed in relation to its competitors. Time-Series analysis evaluates performance overtime by comparing current to the past performance. To look at significant year-to-year changes may be symptomatic of a major problem. Time series analysis helps to the firm to assess whether the firm is approaching the long-term goals or not. The Time series analysis looks for (1) important trends in financial performance (2) shift in trend over the years (3) significant deviation if any from the other set of data. So, I will compare the actual year 2007, 2008 and 2009. Liquidity by look at the current ratio and quick ratio that evaluating the speed with which certain accounts are converted into cash and its look at the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations. As actual year 2009 the current ratio (2. 48) and quick ratio (1. 35) higher than the industry average and the higher is the better for company. If we look at the balance sheet we will see that the current asset and the current liability is decreased which is the big decreased from accounts payable. This shows that Marin Manufacturing Company have enough quick assets to pay off all current liabilities. Activity It shows relationship between the sales the assets. By evaluate inventory turnover, average collection period, and total asset turnover. As the inventory turnover of the Marin Manufacturing Company is less the industry average which I recommends that the company should manage inventory more efficiently. The average collection period is higher than both industry average and the past year which the manager should emphasis on the collection to decrease this number. It means that they have to change their policy of lending business for more efficiency of debt collection. The total asset turnover for the actual year is 1. 6 which more then the past year but it still less than the industry average. So, the company needs to increase sakes to meet the industry average. Debt can analyze by debt ratio and time interest earned ratio. The debt ratio of actual year 2009 is higher than the industry average it continue increasing since year 2007-2008. Its means that the company has high leveraged and might borrows more money in the year 2008. Also the higher debt ratio means higher risk for lenders and investors. For the time interest ratio which decrease from year 2008 at 1. 9 to be 1. 6 in year 2009 and lower than industry average it means the company might facing the risk that cash flows from operations will be insufficient to cover interest and principal payment. Profitability by evaluate gross profit margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. Gross Profit Margin is measuring how much amount is left to meet other expenses earn net profit which actual 2009 is at 27% that higher than the industry average (26%). Its mean that the company has high ability to sell goods at intended selling price. At 0. 65 % of net profit margin that decrease from 1. 1 % in 2007 to 1. 0% in year 2008 and less than industry average (1. 2%) that create low safety to the company. The higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and might result in net loss. The ROA and ROE both in year 2009 are decreasing to be less than the industry average and decresing from the past year. This show that the managerment is not managing asset effeicincy or assets are not being utilized effectively and lower ROE might caused by high debt. It seem like when this company are not very attractive for invertor if they looking at return on stockholders investment which is decreasing to be lower than industry averange. Market can analyze from P/E ratio and M/B ratio. For P/E in year 2009 is 34. 4 compare with the industry average at 43. 4 which lower and if compare to the past year it lower than year 2008. It means that investors are not perceive good growth potential of Marin Manufacturing Company.

Comparing Incest in Vanity Fair, Lolita and Annabel Lee :: comparison compare contrast essays

Incest in Vanity Fair, Lolita and Annabel Lee      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern literature there are many examples of incest. Incest is presented in the plots of many books. Of course it is not in its classical form as it is in Oedipus legend. The form is changed but incest as such can be recognized . Here are two excerpts to display the latter. One is from Nabokov's Lolita, the other is from Thackeray's Vanity Fair.      Ã‚   " I had thought that months, perhaps years, would escape before I dared to reveal myself to Dolores Haze; but by 6 she was wide awake, and by 6.15 we were technically lovers. I am going to tell you something very strange: it was she who seduced me." Her age ia twelve.      Ã‚   " Rebecca Sharp never had been a girl, she said; she had been a woman since she was eight years old ..."      Ã‚   According to Freud the problem of incest is a subconscious one. Incest is always desired subconsciously. Its prohibition saves man from two aspirations: to kill the father and marry the mother. A triangle father-mother-child is brought out. This triangle can be used to show the transformations which in the classical Oedipus legend undergoes in modern writings. In the Greek myth Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother. I avoid mentioning the circumstances deliberately because I   concentrate on the triangle father-mother-child, which is the classical form under which incest appears. In the above mentioned literary works the classical triangle has undergone two changes. First, instead of son we have daughter. Second the mothers of the girls are dead. So the triangle is reduced to the lineal connection father-daughter.      Ã‚   According to L. Stros incest does not always depend on the real, genetic kind-ship; it also depends on the social connections among people, in the cases when a given individual is raised to the rank of father, mother, son or sister. So in Lolita, it is also a case of incest but between are a surrogate father and daughter.      Ã‚   The similarities of themes both in European (in particular Greek and British literature) and American literature exhibit the cyclic effect in literature: the themes are old and the form is which is new. It could not be said that a given text definitely belongs to a given country. The text has cultural influences which are not indigenous.

Governor of California

Based on the case, as governor of California, what types of power is Schwarzenegger likely to have? What types of influence tactics does Schwarzenegger appear to use? By Tuyen-Vu Comprehensive cases Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. Case 1: Arnold Schwarzenegger: Leader of California? 1 .What words would you use to describe Arnold Schwarzenegger's personality? Do any of these fit into the Big Five taxonomy of personality? How might these personality traits influence Arnold Schwarzenegger's leadership skills? How might these traits have help Schwarzenegger get to where he is now? Schwarzenegger's characteristics will describe as: Internal: He bears his father bad treatments. â€Å"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was Just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual.It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, ‘you can't do this,' I said, ‘this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody. ‘†[ He is affected by his family. They make he with strong expressive by his parents were very strict to take out his mind to be more and more rich. That is the first step to him contributed his dream at that moment. External: He is considered cheerful, good-humored and exuberant at school.He based on outside environment, his ability and favorite (interested in sport, especially in bodybuilder), to set a short goal – to be the Mr Universe in Europe. That already prepares for the long time goal – â€Å"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich. † (Source: http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger) Forward to his goal and try his best to get the best practice that leads to the good result, achieve the prize (second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorkton).Schwarzenegger know how to integrate all things as goal setting, leadership, power and influence, and personality to catch the success. He sets the clear and specific objectives with step by step: Win the Bodybuilder prize 0 come in US to be an famous actor0 be an governor in US government machine. Schwarzenegger likely to have? What types of influence tactics does Schwarzenegger appear to use? 3. How would you describe Schwarzenegger's leadership style using th e leadership theories covered in this textbook? What details of the case lead you to these conclusions? Is Schwarzenegger's leadership style likely to be effective?Why or why not? 4. Applying concepts from goal-setting theory, explain how goal have influenced Schwarzenegger's progression to the governor's seat. What aspects of the case suggest that Schwarzenegger is committed to the goals that he has set for himself? 5. Are there any â€Å"dark sides† to Schwarzenegger's charisma and leadership skills? What might these be, and how might they affect his relationships with others and his ability to govern? 6. How might Schwarzenegger's personality and leadership style help or hinder his ability to effectively negotiate with other parties such as the teachers' union?

Marketing Cost Analysis Essay

Business firms use several tools and techniques for marketing control. The important ones among them are listed above. 1. Marketing audit 2. Market share analysis 3. Marketing cost analysis 4. Credit control 5. Budgetary control 6. Ratio analysis 7. Contribution margin analysis 8. Marketing Information inputs and warning signals 9. MBO management by objectives Marketing cost analysis is another important tool of marketing control. In recent years, business firms all over the world have experienced steep escalations in their marketing and distribution costs. They have found, to their dismay, that increased sales do not necessarily bring them increased profits. Containing marketing and distribution costs has become an imperative for optimizing profits. It has also become an imperative for survival against the growing competition. Definition – Assigning or allocating costs to a specified marketing activity or entity in a manner that accurately captures the financial contribution of activities or entities to the organization.Marketing cost analysis, or distribution cost analysis, is the analysis of costs that affect sales volume, with the purpose of determining the profitability of different segment operations. Profitability is determined by sales volume and its associated costs and expenses. The questions Marketing Cost Analysis answers – * Which customers/accounts are unprofitable because of order size or geographic location? * What is the minimum order size that can be filled profitably? * Which distribution channel will be the most profitable for the firm to use? * Which territories are potentially most profitable? * What profit contribution does each salesperson make? * Can cost improvements be made in physical distribution facilities? * Which product lines are unprofitable or could be improved in their profitability? Importance of Marketing Cost Analysis: The first requirement in controlling the marketing costs is to comprehend the components of the marketing costs and the methods available for their control. Benefits & Uses of Marketing Cost Analysis: Careful and systematic marketing cost analysis confers a variety of benefits on the firm. * It becomes an integral part of the decision-making process. * Serves as the basis for management decisions. * Generates a sense of Accountability. * Determining which marketing strategies are the best. * Isolating problem areas. Objectives of Marketing Cost Analysis – The major objectives of marketing cost analysis are to determine the isolated contributions made to profitability and to evaluate the efficiency of all phases of the company’s marketing structure in terms of corporate goals and objectives. Types of marketing Costs: Marketing costs in modern, large-sized firms belong to a kaleidoscopic variety. There are ever so many components of the marketing cost and they vary in their significance, size, measurability and controllability. Generally, marketing costs are more difficult to measure and control, compared with other costs, such as material costs and manufacturing costs. Within the various components of marketing costs, some are relatively more amenable for measurement and control than others Analyzing the costs by function: The first step in marketing cost analysis is to gather the cost details of the various marketing function and analyze the function wise cost. For doing this, in the first instance various marketing activities have to be grouped into a few major and clearly identified functions. The marketing expenditure must be broken up over these functions.

Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision

Making a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are several similarities between the characters of the stories. Each story is composed of parallel moral lessons, which becomes the theme of the stories. The main characters look back at a point in their lives and are unsure if they made the wisest choice in their individual situation. The moral of each story is an ethical decision may never have a right answer. Conrad and Joyce portray a moral lesson in a very similar way. In each story the main characters, the commanding officer and James Duffy, look back on moments in their life and regret the decisions they have made. The commanding officer in â€Å"The Tale† decides an entire ships fate by directing them off cliffs, consequently the captain of the ship and his crew die. The commanding officer states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a deadly ledge of rock. And the commanding officer gave it to him† (Conrad 17). The main character of â€Å"The Tale† is aware of the importance of his decision and questions whether or not it was the wisest choice. He contemplates with this and it effects him on an emotional level. At the beginning of â€Å"The Tale† the women (who is never given a name) requests he tell a tale like he used to before the war. She states, †Å"You used to tell- your- your simple and professional- tales very well at one time†¦you had sort of art- in the days- the days before the war† (Conrad 2). This statement supplies the reader with evidence that the commanding officer is a changed man since the war and foreshadows that the story will not be like his old â€Å"simple† stories. Throughout the story the commanding officer battles with his instinct to decide whether or not to believe the Northman. He continually asks himself why the Northman did not sound his horn when they entered the bay, and why the Northman’s vo... Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Making a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are several similarities between the characters of the stories. Each story is composed of parallel moral lessons, which becomes the theme of the stories. The main characters look back at a point in their lives and are unsure if they made the wisest choice in their individual situation. The moral of each story is an ethical decision may never have a right answer. Conrad and Joyce portray a moral lesson in a very similar way. In each story the main characters, the commanding officer and James Duffy, look back on moments in their life and regret the decisions they have made. The commanding officer in â€Å"The Tale† decides an entire ships fate by directing them off cliffs, consequently the captain of the ship and his crew die. The commanding officer states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a deadly ledge of rock. And the commanding officer gave it to him† (Conrad 17). The main character of â€Å"The Tale† is aware of the importance of his decision and questions whether or not it was the wisest choice. He contemplates with this and it effects him on an emotional level. At the beginning of â€Å"The Tale† the women (who is never given a name) requests he tell a tale like he used to before the war. She states, †Å"You used to tell- your- your simple and professional- tales very well at one time†¦you had sort of art- in the days- the days before the war† (Conrad 2). This statement supplies the reader with evidence that the commanding officer is a changed man since the war and foreshadows that the story will not be like his old â€Å"simple† stories. Throughout the story the commanding officer battles with his instinct to decide whether or not to believe the Northman. He continually asks himself why the Northman did not sound his horn when they entered the bay, and why the Northman’s vo...

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students Love is in the air Valentines day is coming, and you have no idea how to make this day special for you and your significant other? Or even worse: you have a very limited budget for celebration. Dont worry, we have your back. Weve gathered the best ideas for inexpensive activities and also for DIY gifts that say â€Å"I Love You.† Spending Valentines Day with the One You Love If you want to spend Valentine’s day with your beloved one, take a look at some Valentine’s day ideas of activities that will suit this romantic holiday. Besides, these activities won’t cost you much, so they are perfect for college students on a budget who want to arrange a little holiday just for two. Cooking dinner together Cooking dinner together is a perfect way to build trust and intimacy. Pasta, lasagna or a sweet dessert will work the best. Make sure you shop for all ingredients beforehand to avoid crazy crowds in a market. And don’t forget about scented candles for this romantic evening. Picnic Picnics are so romantic! Do you think that you can’t set up a picnic because of the snowy weather outside? Then make a picnic on the floor in your room. A few blankets, cozy pillows and tasty dinner with wine and good music will make this evening magic and sweet. Source: Instagram Movie evening A great way to celebrate Valentine’s day is to watch a movie or even a few of them. You can take your girlfriend or boyfriend to a movie theater or watch films on Netflix. Take a look at our list of the best movies for Valentine’s day: Dirty Dancing (1987) Pretty Woman (1990) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) Love, Actually (2003) Easy A (2010) And don’t forget to buy some popcorn! Source: Depositphotos Cozy boardgame evening Another staying-at-home activity will be an excellent option for those who don’t want to spend too much money or go out. Just make sure you choose a game for two players: Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective Hive 7 Wonders Duel Crusaders: Thy Will be Done A little competition won’t hurt. Special places Do you and your partner have a â€Å"special place?† It’s the perfect time to visit it. Was it a park you met in or even a train station you had your first kiss at? Go and remind yourself of these precious moments. Source: Cunningham Farms Art classes Pottery and painting classes are excellent therapy and relaxation. Moreover, holding hands together while making pottery on a wheel is the sweetest thing ever! Party Okay, a party doesn’t really seem like a romantic activity, but it’s a great way to spend this day with your girlfriend or boyfriend and other couples in a friendly and funny atmosphere. Themed parties can be organized for any holiday. So, if you’re a party person, host a great party for all of your friends. DIY and Crafting Ideas We love DIYs! And do you? No matter what the occasion is, crafting activities are always entertaining and relaxing. You can prepare gifts yourself or make it an excellent activity for the two of you. We have a whole bunch of cute valentines day ideas for him and her. Cards Source: Pinterest Source: LiaGriffith Valentine’s day cards are pretty pricey when you shop for them in pre-holiday time. But you can make them yourself without spending even an hour of your time. You will need some paper or paperboard, printed designs, markers, and glue. A punch A tasty punch will be an excellent choice for a holiday party or a cozy evening for you and your sweetheart. To make your own punch, you will need some juice, soda, fruits, ice cubes, and a big bowl. Source: Look What I Made Source: Pinterest A surprise box Do you have a gift but don’t know how to present it to your beloved one? A surprise box is a perfect way to make even the simplest gift look like a whole festive ceremony. You will need a big box, balloons, helium, confetti, wrapping paper, and glitter. Put glitter into the balloons and fill them with helium. Decorate your box with wrapping paper, put your gift, confetti, and balloons inside the box, and tape it on the top. Ask your girlfriend or boyfriend to open the box, to make balloons float and find a present on the bottom of the box among confetti. Source: Pinterest Homemade candies Candies are the first thing that comes to mind when speaking about the romantic holiday. If you want to surprise your boyfriend or girlfriend, you can make candies yourself. Use bananas, marshmallows, strawberries, and nuts to dip them in melted chocolate. Let them cool in a fridge, and here you have a tasty dessert for your beloved one. Source: KraftRecipes Source: Cool Mom Eats DIY candles Source: Wonderful DIY Melt some wax or candles you have at home, pour it into ice cube forms of heart shapes covered with a thin layer of oil and place a wick in the center. After the wax is hard, you can take your candles and lit them up. Fun and easy! Or follow easy steps from DIY video tutorials. Hope you liked our ideas of Valentine’s crafts for adults and students. Don’t worry if you have to spend Valentine’s day alone, we have some ideas for a perfect day of fun for singles.

Implementation plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementation plan - Case Study Example In an effort to ensure efficiency, effective project planning is a critical step in the implementation of any project. This involves the definition of tasks for the market, planning, and development teams (Pfeiffer, 2008). Market research was the first main task, which sought to outline the opportunities and the potential challenges in the Qatar market. This is a critical step because businesses need to understand a foreign market well before venturing into its opportunities. After successful market research, the definition of the specifications, which involves the identification of target customers as well as the distribution channels followed. These two tasks are the responsibilities of the marketing team, and marked the first milestone after five weeks. The next steps involved the design of a website and extensive project planning. Project planning in this case involved budget and export planning. The completion of these tasks marked the achievement of the second milestone, which happened in four weeks. The development team was involved in the launching of the product. In the first two weeks, the initial launching was conducted, which was accompanied by rigorous promotional activities. After the in itial launch, the VOSS premium product was then fully launched into different distribution channels that targeted top hotels and restaurants. This marked the third and most important milestone in launching the VOSS brand in Qatar, and took about five weeks. After the full launch, the teams indulged in assessment of the product performance within different distribution channels. Moreover, the product was actively monitored and customer feedback sought by the marketing team (Lodato, 2008). The last three weeks of the project involved analysis of the customer feedback to gain information that would be used in improving the product distribution in Qatar. Pfeiffer, E. (2008). VOSS Water and Retail Expansion:Implications for a

Destination Management - Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Destination Management - Japan - Essay Example Also, international tourism receipts reached a record of US$1.030 trillion, up from US$928 billion in 2010. Tourism growth worldwide will be at a more moderate rate of 3.3% per year as compared to the average of 4.2% witnessed over the last six decades. The presence of emerging economies will add an average of 30 million arrivals per year, compared to 14 million from advanced economies. As a result, there will be a shift in the global market share by 2030. Japan Tourism is relatively a new attraction in Japan. In 2003, the first initiative was established to attract 10 million international visitors to Japan by 2010. This was later updated in 2007 to grasp a better understanding of foreign visitors and to increase satisfaction with the hope of creating repeat visits. As the country continued with efforts to make the shift from being a â€Å"Trade Nation† to â€Å"Tourism Nation,† the central government enacted its first tourism policy, making tourism a priority. As a re sult, the Japan Tourism Agency was created in order to promote the country abroad. The Japanese economy is facing many challenges, most notably a lower birth rate and aging population. Tourism brought US$608 billion (4.9% of GDP), while creating employment for 4.06 million people, and 6.3% of total employment during 2009. Okinawa Tourism has traditionally flourished in Okinawa. Regarded as the â€Å"Hawaii of Japan†, it has been a popular destination for domestic visitors, accounting for 95% of total domestic arrivals. The contribution of tourism to GDP in 2009 was 4.6%, which is quite significant when compared to other â€Å"big destinations† in the world (USA - 3.4%, Australia - 4.3%, France - 3.7%, and Japan - 3.4%. Okinawa is uniquely situated within a 1,500 kilometer radius from most major cities in Southeast Asia; however, the percentage of international tourist arrivals from this area is low. The advantages compared to other beach destinations like Bali, Phuket, and Cebu are accessibility, safety, and cleanliness. For the last few years, the share of the international markets, especially from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Korea, grew steadily with a visa relaxation scheme and additional flights. In order to develop an untapped market, analysis and research on a destination competitive environment is evaluated. Destination Management Tourism is no longer about changing cultures and history; the industry has evolved into a brand. The results of the Travel and Tourism Competitive Index and Country Brand Index are used to evaluate countries’ progress over time in each category. This is necessary to improve a country’s competitiveness, growth, and prosperity. Although Japan has a strong country brand, it scored poorly in its affinity of the country and must strengthen the country’s creative and innovative industries. Okinawa can benefit from Japan’s strong country brand to develop its competitive identity. The second part of the section studies the structure and role of the government in tourism development. The transparency of tourism organizations in Okinawa is questionable. For an industry that is economically significant, tourism is weak politically. The government needs to be inclusive and engage participative decision makers and influencers in destination management. In the event of a crisis, it is the government’s role to provide ample opportunities for the media to gain access full and accurate information in

Coaching ethical behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coaching ethical behavior - Assignment Example A leader in any organization is regarded as the face of the organization and how the organization members conduct themselves affect the image of the organization (Passmore, 2010). Leaders can coach their members on how to enhance their ethical behavior. Coaching is defined as a process that facilitate maximization one’s potential. The following are ways in which can coach ethical behavior: ï‚ ·Setting guidelines and refreshing team members-As a leader, the team member should know what is expected of them. Even if they know, how they are supposed to conduct themselves, a refresher on ethical conduct is essential. ï‚ ·Through motivation- The leader can encourage the team members that they can enhance their ethical behavior regardless of the situation they are facing at any particular moment. Emphasis on teamwork motivates each one of them. ï‚ ·Monitoring and evaluation- Just like a coach of a given sport he observes the performance of the team member. The leader should monitor how the team members conduct themselves and evaluate on the progress. A deviation will be recognized, and corrective measures be implemented before it goes overboard (Passmore, 2010). ï‚ ·Exploring interactive moment- A leader should allow the team members to discuss among themselves and identify possible problems and solutions with regards to moral behavior. This is in line with the diversity among the universe population and has to be appreciated. ï‚ ·

Effectiveness of Primary Realignment on Stricture Urethra

Effectiveness of Primary Realignment on Stricture Urethra THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIMARY REALIGNMENT IN TRAUMATIC POSTERIOR URETHRAL DISTRACTION INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURE PELVIS. ABSTRACT Aim: To study the effectiveness of primary realignment on the incidence of stricture urethra and its impact on the incidence of complications. Methods : From 2005 to 2008, a total of 27 patients of posterior Urethral distraction injuries were studied, out of which 15 patients were treated with the aim of reestablishing Urethral continuity immediately or early after injury and 12 patients were treated with SPC alone followed by definitive management after 6 months. Follow up ranged from 6 months to 2 years. Of the 15 patients who were treated with the Urethral Catheteric alignment, 6 patients underwent open procedure as there was an indication for emergency Laparotomy. Rest 9 patients were treated with endoscopic alignment with in 1 2 weeks. Out of 9 Patients, Endoscopic alignment was successful in 8 patients. Rest 12 patientswere managed with SPC alone as these patients were not stable for primary alignment due to associate Orthopaedic, Head or Chest injuries. All these 12 patients required a major Urethroplasty later. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients managed with primary realignment, 7 patients developed stricture at the site of injury of which 3 patients required major Urethroplasty and 4 patients could be managed by endoscopic procedures. All 12 patients in SPC group required a major Urethroplasty later. The incidence of Incontinence and impotence were comparable in both the groups. Conclusion: We conclude that careful Urethral Catheteric realignment after acute trauma is safe and useful as it obviates total Urethral closure in majority of cases. KEY WORDS: Traumatic rupture urethra , primary realignment, Urethroplasty , endoscopic realignment, Pelvic Fracture, Suprapubic Catheterization, Retrograde Urethrogram. Introduction Pelvic fracture with posterior Urethra rupture is associated with morbidity such as Urethral Stricture, Erectile dysfunction and incontinence 1. There is still controversy on the immediate management of these injuries. Some Urologists advice initial placement of Suprapubic Cystostomy followed by delayed Urethroplasty 3 to 6 months later 2, while others suggest immediate realignment. The patients managed with Suprapubic Cystostomy results in Stricture formation in 95% of cases requiring a delayed Urethroplasty 3. Thus it carries the morbidity of being on SPC for 3 to 6 months followed by the morbidity of undergoing a major Surgery and its attendant complications. Some Urologists suggest that early Urethral realignment as initial treatment for posterior Urethral disruption associated with Pelvic fracture with or without Surgical repair may adversely influence out come. Where as others attribute the morbidity of Pelvic fracture Urethral avulsion to trauma magnitude rather than to management of the acute disruption of the membranes Urethra 4. The current definition of Primary realignment refers to immediate stenting of Urethral distraction with a Catheter without Pelvic dissection or sutures5. More recently realignment has been performed endoscopically, under fluoroscopic guidance or by using magnetic urethral catheters 6, 7, 8. Primary realignment with above techniques obviates the need for long term Suprapubic drainage, and reapproximates the proximal and distal ends of Urethra before significant malalignment develops and incidence of Stricture formation is found to be much less compared to the patients managed by SPC alone. Virtually 100% of patients managed with SPC alone result in complete obliteration requiring a major Urethroplasty later, while only 50% of patients with primary alignment go on to development strictures most of which can be managed with endoscopic procedures like visual internal urethrotomy or visual dilatations . Materials and Methods We treated 27 men with posterior Urethral injuries from August 2005 to August 2008. Of the men, 12 were managed with Supra pubic Catheter and delayed Urethroplasty and 15 were treated with the aim of establishing Urethral Continuity either immediately or with in two weeks after trauma. Mean patient’s age was 34 years (16-58). 24 patients were involved in motor vehicle accidents and 3 had fall from height. Diagnosis is established by clinical examination and retrograde Urethrogram in all patients. 12 out of 27 men had associated severe injuries like fracture lower limbs, fracture Spine and Chest and head injuries. All of the above patients were managed by SPC alone followed by a delayed Urethroplasty. Of the remaining 15 patients, 3 patients had Bladder injuries and 3 patients had intra peritoneal Bleeding (1 case of Splenic trauma and 1 case of liver trauma and 1 mesenteric tear) For the above patients emergency Laparotomy was done and Urethral trauma dealt by early Urethral Catheteric realignment and open Suprapubic Cystostomy. In this open procedure a 6-8 Fr. infant feeding tube was gently passed perurethrally and retrieved through retropubic space. Another infant feeding tube passed antegradely through the Bladder neck and retrieved through retropubic space without much disturbing the hematoma in retropubic space. Both are tied together and brought out through the Urethra. A 16 Fr. Foleys Catheter tied to the end of the Infant feeding tube outside the Urethra and gently negotiated into the Bladder. The above procedure did not involve any retropubic dissection, the Pelvic hematoma not disturbed, Pubo prostatic ligaments are not divided and vest sutures or traction not applied. The above procedure was successful in 4 out of 6 cases. In other two cases the Per urethral feeding tube directly entered the bladder and Foleys Catheter negotiated into the bladder. In all cases 16 Fr. Foleys Catheter kept as SPC. In rest of the 9 patients emergency laparotomy was not required; these patients are initially dealt by SPC. Once the patient is stable, patient is taken up for Endoscopic alignment within 7 to 14 days. In our procedure of Endoscopic alignment patient was kept in modified lithotomy position under general anaesthesia and Urethroscopy done with 10 Fr. rigid pediatric scope. Once the injured area is located, guide wire or 4Fr. Ureteric Catheter is gently passed across the injured area. If any resistance is encountered a second guide wire is passed by the side of it. The entry of the guide wire or Ureteric catheter into the Bladder through the Bladder neck is confirmed by antegrade scopy through the SPC tract. Then a 16Fr. Foley’s catheter is then negotiated over a guide wire into the Bladder and confirmed by antegrade Scopy through the Supra pubic tract and the Bulb inflated with 15cc of water. The procedure was successful in 7 out of 9 patients. In one patient where the above pro cedure failed the guide wire was passed antegradely by antergrade Cystoscopy through SPC tract and could be retrieved through retrograde scopy by grasping the guide wire with an alligator. In one patient the guide wire or ureteric catheter could not be negotiated across the injured area either antegradely or retrogradely and hence the patient was left with SPC alone and was managed with Urethroplasty later. Thus the procedure was successful in 8 out of 9 cases. All the patients with catheter realignment are followed up with pericatheter studies after 4 weeks. If there was no extravasation, perurethral catheter removed, SPC blocked and patient is allowed to void. If the patient had extravasation, perurethral catheter is maintained for another 2-4 weeks and if extravasation subsided perurethral catheter is removed. Then the patient is kept on Clean Intermittent Catheterization. RGU repeated after another two months and SPC removed if there is no stricture. Patient is kept on regular follow up every three months for 2 years. Results Table I Methods of management and results. The results of the 27 patients managed differently are shown in table I. In 13 out of 15 patients in Catheteric alignment group, the RGU shows complete rupture of Urethra and in 10 out of 15 patients the Ureteric Catheter or guide wire could be passed across the injured area easily indicating they are partial injuries. The Urethral Catheters were kept for a mean of 6.5 weeks (Range 4 to 9 weeks). Table I also shows the relationship between the method of early management and the development of Urethral Stricture. Of the 15 patients treated with Catheterization 7 (46%) patients developed Urethral Stricture out of which 3 (20%) patients had to undergo a major Urethroplasty and 4(26.6%) patients could be managed with Visual Internal Urethrotomy and visual dilatation. No patients of this group required Pubectomy or abdomino – perineal approach. 11 (91.6%) out of 12 patients managed with SPC alone developed complete obliteration out of which 10 (83%) patients required a major Urethroplasty later. One patient could be managed with core through VIU. 2 out of the 11 patients required transpubic approach for associated fistulous tracts to the perineum and 2 patients required abdomino perineal approach as these patients had a cavity requiring omental packing. Rest 7 patients could be managed with progressive Perineal Urethroplasty. 4 out of 12 patients in SPC group were permanently Impotent after injury and 1 patient has become impotent after Uretrhoplasty (transpubic approach) i.e., totally 5 (41.5%) patients have become permanently impotent in SPC group. In Urethral alignment group, 11 out of 15 patients have regained their potency within 1yr i.e., 4 (26.6%) out of 15 patients were permanently impotent. No patient was incontinent in both the groups. Discussion The management of posterior Urethral injuries associated with fracture Pelvis is still controversial. The main controversy is between Suprapubic drainage with delayed repair 2, 9 and immediate open realignment or Endoscopic alignment. The diagnosis of a Urethral rupture as complete or partial has been made on the basis of acute retrograde Urethrogram 3. Herschorn etal. have questioned the accuracy of RGU after trauma in distinguishing complete partial injuries9 . A Complete rupture is diagnosed when there is contrast extravasation and by the absence of contrast medium in the Prostatic Urethra or Bladder. In acute trauma the external Sphincter and Pelvic floor spasm may prevent the entry of contrast medium into the prostatic Urethra or Bladder and hence most of the traumatic posterior Urethral injuries are diagnosed as complete ruptures based on RGUs. Thus in the SPC and delayed repair group 11 out of 12 patients were diagnosed as complete ruptures based on acute RGU, where as in primary realignment group all but one patient were diagnosed as complete rupture on acute RGU and in 10 out of 15 patients the mere passage of a Ureteric Catheter, Guide wire or infant feeding tube retrogradely or antegradely across the rupture site could successfully establish the continuity which indicates all these patients had partial injuries. Other realignment series also show the high incidence of partial ruptures as the diagnosis was made not just on the basis of RGU but additional diagnostic procedures are used such as Catheterization, cystoscopy and operative procedures . The above findings show that most of the cases of complete ruptures on RGU are in fact partial ruptures and if they are left alone by doing SPC, will go for complete obliteration requiring a major procedure later and hence if the patients general condition permits it is better to give an attempt of Catheteric realignment to prevent the partial injuries going for complete obliteration. Miguel. L. Pedesta etal12 have compared primary alignment with delayed Urethroplasty and found urethral alignment not beneficial in avoiding urethral obliteration. In 1972, Morehouse and colleagues 2 reported high impotence and incontinence rates in patients treated with primary realignment. Sender Herschorn etal9 have compared delayed Urethroplasty and primary realignment in the treatment of posterior Urethral rupture and noted a significant advantage with early catheterization. Ellrott and Barrett 5 analysed the long term results of treatment of posterior Urethral rupture with primary realignment in 57 men and showed that primary realignment resulted in low incidence of erectile dysfunction (21%) incontinence (3.7%) and stricture (34%) with no requirement for intervention . Mehdi Salehipour and colleagues 10 reported no incontinence with primary realignment, 76% having no Urethral Stricture on follow up with 24% developing Stricture requiring only dilation and VIU. 84% of patients reported a normal erection, while 16% responded to Sildinafil. The present series shows a Stricture rate of 91.6% for SPC group and 46.6% (7/15 patients) in realignment group. 10 (83%) out 12 patients with Strictures in SPC group required a major Urethroplasty later where as only (20%) 3 patients in realignment group required a major Urethroplasty. Other Stricture in realignment group were easily managed with visual internal Urethrotomy and Visual Dilatation. The incidence of impotence was similar in both the groups and there was no case of Incontinence in primary realignment group. While Suprapubic drainage with delayed repair has been the procedure of choice for long time, several disadvantages of the therapy have been recognized. Stricture developed in nearly all cases managed with delayed repair and these Strictures are dense with considerable length between disrupted ends 7. All patients required at least 1 major operative procedure to remove the Stricture, necessitating urological expertise usually at a tertiary care centre. Even after Urethroplasty Stricture may develop in 20 to 30% of the patients who needs further Surgery. Recent advances in Endourological techniques have led primary realignment methods that are easy to perform and require minimal manipulations 7. These techniques realign the Urethra without disturbing the Pelvic hematoma and produce shorter, more anatomically aligned strictures. The resultant Strictures are short and easily opened with Urethral dilatation or visual internal Urethrotomy 8. After realignment Stricture develops in 45 to 6 0% of patients 7, 9 although the majority requires only 1 endoscopic repair and most Strictures stabilize with in a year. When the results of delayed Urethroplasty are compared to those of primary realignment using recently developed endourological techniques, the complication rates are comparable. Hussman et al reported no significant difference in the rates of impotence and incontinence in patients treated with Endoscopic alignment versus those who underwent delayed Urethroplasty 4. Follis et al noted 80% potency rate in patients treated with primary realignment versus 50% in those treated with delayed Urethroplasty 7. There were no incontinent patients in the primary realignment group versus a 7% incidence in the delayed Urethroplasty group. Webster et al stated that the rates of impotence associated with primary open realignment in the past were probably a result of the severity of Pelvic disruption and not a consequence of the procedure 9. Conclusion We believe that most of the traumatic ruptures of urethra associated with fracture pelvis are in fact partial injuries even though they are diagnosed as complete ruptures on acute RGU and hence an attempt of catheteric realignment either by open procedure or by endoscopic procedure with in 2 weeks of injury will help in diagnosing most of these partial injuries. All these successfully stented partial injuries can be prevented from developing complete obliteration requiring a major Urethroplasty later. For patients with complete ruptures the primary realignment helps in stenting the urethra preventing the development of longer, malaligned complicated strictures .For these patients if Urethroplasty is required at a later date , it becomes a much simpler procedure . The incidence of impotence and incontinence are not affected by the method of acute management. References: 1. Mc Annich JW, Santucci RA Genito Urinary trauma, In: Walsch PC, Retik. AB, Vaughen ED Jr. et al.editors. Campbell’s Urology.8th ed. Philadelphia:WB Saunders:2002 P:3707-44 2. Morehouse, D.D., Belitsky, P. and Mackinnon, K; rupture of the posterior Urethra J.Urol.,107;255,1972. 3. Koraitim.MM. Pelvic fracture urethral injuries: the unresolved controversy. J.Urol, 1999:161:1433:41 4. Husmann, D.A.Wilson, T.D.Boore.T.B and Allen, T.D: Prostatomembranous urethral disruptions:management by Suprapubic cystostomy and delayed Urethroplasty, J.Urol.,144:76,1990 5. Elliot DS, Barrett DM. Long term follow up and evaluation of primary realignment of posterior urethral disruption. J.Urol.1997;153:814-6 6. Cohen,J.K., Berg.G.,Carl,G.h.andDiamond,D.D:primary endoscopic realignment following posterior urethral disruption.J.Urol.,146:1548,1991 7. Follis,H.W.,Kock, M.D. and Mc. Dougal, W.S: Immediate management of prostatomembranous urethral disruption. J.Urol.,147;1259,1992 8. James R.Porter, Thomas K.Takayama and Alfred J. Defalco,. Traumatic posterior urethral injury and early realignment using magnetic urethral catheters. J.Urol;158:425,1997 9. Herschorn, S., Thijissen, A. and Radowski, S.B: The value of immediate or early catheterization of the traumatized posterior urethra J.Urol.,148:1428,1992 10. Vladimir B.Moura viev,Michael Coburn and Ricard A. Santucci: The treatment of posterior urethral disruption associated with pelvic fracture.comparative experience of early realignment versus delayed Urethroplasty. J.Urol.,173:876,2005 11. Mehdi Salehipour, Abdolaziz Khezri, Rashid Askar, Parham Masoudi: Primary realignment of posterior urethral rupture.Urology.2005:2:211-215 12. Miguel.L.Pedesta, Ricardo Medel., Roberto Castera and Adolfo Ruarte: Immediate management of posterior urethral disruption due to pelvic fracture. Therapeutic alternatives. J.Urol.157:1444,1997

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - Summary :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

CH. 1 Scout, the narrator, remembers the summer that her brother Jem broke his arm, and she looks back over the years to recall the incidents that led to that climactic event. Scout provides a brief introduction to the town of Maycomb, Alabama and its inhabitants, including her widowed father Atticus Finch, attorney and state legislator; Calpurnia, their â€Å"Negro† cook and housekeeper; and various neighbors. The story starts with the first summer that Scout and Jem meet Dill, a little boy from Meridian, Mississippi who spends the summers with his aunt, the Finch’s next-door neighbor Miss Rachel Haverford. From the children’s point of view, their most compelling neighbor is Boo Radley, a recluse whom none of them has ever seen. Dill’s fascination, in particular, leads to all sorts of games and plans to try and get Boo to come outside. Their attempts culminate in a dare to Jem, which he grudgingly takes. Jem runs into the Radley’s yard and touches the outside of the house. CH. 2 - 3 Dill goes back to Mississippi for the school year, and Scout turns her attention to starting first grade—something she’s been waiting for all her life. However, Scout’s first day at school is not at all the glorious experience she’d been expecting from the winters she spent â€Å"looking over at the schoolyard, spying on multitudes of children through a two-power telescope . . . learning their games, . . . secretly sharing their misfortunes and minor victories.† Scout’s teacher, Miss Caroline Fisher, is new to teaching, new to Maycomb, and mortified that Scout already knows how to read and write. When Miss Caroline offers to lend Walter Cunningham lunch money, Scout is punished for taking it upon herself to explain Miss Caroline’s faux pas to her. (Walter refuses to take the money because his family is too poor to pay it back.) Scout catches Walter on the playground, and starts to pummel him in retaliation for her embarrassment, but Jem stops her and then further surprises her by inviting Walter to have lunch with them. Scout is then punished by Calpurnia for criticizing Walter’s table manners. Back at school, Miss Caroline has a confrontation with Burris Ewell about his â€Å"cooties† and the fact that he only attends school on the first day of the year. That evening, Scout tells Atticus about her day, hoping that she won’t have to go back to school—after all, Burris Ewell doesn’t. Atticus explains why the Ewells get special consideration and then tells Scout, â€Å"‘You never really understand a person .

Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler

Historical and cultural accounts are important documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and learn from the early people. If such accounts are incomplete and biased, the people being described may be underestimated and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Mas'udi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Mas'udi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a truthful observation of the people—their culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, â€Å"I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj.† This introduction could l ead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Mas’udi used the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, but this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such terms are said to be taboo, just like the term â€Å"Negroes† for Black Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Mas’udi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he pictured them to be like savages who â€Å"do not use [elephants] for war or anything but only hurt and kill them.† This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay respect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preac h aside from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the people’s beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Mas’udi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions.This is similar to the term lesbian which was given a misconception from its original meaning of â€Å"people of Lesbos,† an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was later given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the author’s poems which depicted platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, â€Å"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing!† (Pope 1709)Work Citedâ€Å"Lesbos Lived on an Island.† Pearl’s Rainbow Key West. 3 December 2007.. Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler Historical and cultural accounts are important documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and learn from the early people. If such accounts are incomplete and biased, the people being described may be underestimated and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Mas'udi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Mas'udi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a truthful observation of the people—their culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, â€Å"I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj.† This introduction could l ead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Mas’udi used the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, but this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such terms are said to be taboo, just like the term â€Å"Negroes† for Black Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Mas’udi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he pictured them to be like savages who â€Å"do not use [elephants] for war or anything but only hurt and kill them.† This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay respect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preac h aside from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the people’s beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Mas’udi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions. This is similar to the term lesbian which was given a misconception from its original meaning of â€Å"people of Lesbos,† an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was later given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the author’s poems which depicted platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, â€Å"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing!† (Pope 1709)Work Citedâ€Å"Lesbos Lived on an Island.† Pearl’s Rainbow Key West. 3 December 2007..

Religion. My Trip to the Mosque Essay

1. Did the exterior of the worship facility add to the overall religious feeling of the visit? Describe your first impression as you pulled up to the building. Did the architecture lend itself to worship? Add specific details to support your answer. I always said I would visit a mosque one day. I live in a high Muslim community and have always been invited to go with one of my peers. The exterior of the building was designed right out of what I would describe as old time desert days. The building had domes that came to a peak sort of like an ice cream on top of a cone. My first impression was that this was surely a design that was distinctive from the other buildings of worship like Christian, Baptist, and Catholic churches, or even halls for Jehovah Witnesses. As I came closer to the doors I felt overwhelmed by the actual size of the building but inside looked much like home. Inside it was simple, there were restrooms, and places for women to tend children, many windows, Qurans, and a large drape right down the middle separating carpeted space one side for men and one side for women. 2. Describe the nature of the worship facility service you saw. This will probably be the longest section of the report, so be as thorough as possible. For example, what was the overall religious program? What was the theme of the message for that day? Were there any rituals that struck you as different from your own? Elaborate Once service started I wasn’t sure what to expect. Before we were able to sit in the service we first had to wash our feet and hands. There were no programs but there were men who help sort of like the â€Å"mc† over the crowd. Service started with a prayer in which nearly everyone except me knew. Although I tried my hardest to keep my eyes close during the prayer for the sake of this paper and my curiosity I open my eyes to see all except a few small boys not speaking aloud the prayer. During this prayer everyone is in the position on his or her hands in knee as to sort of like submit while during the prayer. Once the prayer was over we resumed position on our  knees. Next was the message, I could not help but notice that there was no women in our section, instead through I barely visible colorful sheet the women were in their own service and prayer. The message today wasn’t really a message at all but instead a teaching of the Quran. Before the reading of the text spare Qurans were passed around to members who wanted one. I opted to take one only to find out the entire book was written in another language. During the reading the text was read as is in the language was written in, and later after the reading translated for others. The text he spoke about interesting enough was about Jesus and his actual role Muslims believe he played. Although Christian believe Jesus played a huge role, Muslims believe that not only is he not the Child of God but just another of God prophets. I also learned that they believe that Jesus did not do many of the healing described in the Bible. Accompanied with scriptures I cannot read nor remember Muslims also believe their text to be older and more accurate than that of the Bible. The only ritual that I think struck me is the fact that women were not able to congregate with us instead they were behind the curtain. I would later find out the reason. The washing of hand in feet were different for me and me being conscience of my feet I felt a little uneasy about the situation. 3. What was your overall reaction to the service? Was it positive or negative? Did any members of the congregation talk to you, and if they did, what was the nature of the conversation? My overall reaction was interested I would say. I had a positive experience and a lot of people approached me after the service about my inquiry of Islam. I was told I came during a good sermon and they hoped I learned from the experience, if I was coming back and also what I thought about the whole thing. I told them I like the experience and I was honestly doing this for a class and that my interest peaked most when I actually walked inside the building. I asked about the curtain and was kind of token back with the answer. I was told that the curtain is used to hide the women during the service. Because women are appealing to the eye it is sometimes hard to concentrate on worship and this simply isn’t tolerated. I could see the point of view about a â€Å"time and place for everything† but I think if a  person will is that of a higher being one would not engage in deeds. I also notice that after, women mingled amongst each other, but younger women and kids mingled amongst each other. I also asked a guy why made him follow this religion, and he told me culturally where his parents are from this is like tradition. Similar to religion and myself being passed down he had experience the same thing. He also mentioned that although he was sort of given this religion he believe in it whole-heartedly. He said that many of the other religions text had been altered many times and the Quran the last standing oldest religious text was untampered.