Business communication use of social Media

Question: Examine about the Business correspondence utilization of web-based social networking in A Crisis Situation. Answer: During the computerized age, web-based social networking stages have been shaping an undeniably focal piece of how individuals convey (Reiter, 2011). Different online life stages like Facebook, Cafemom, Twitter, WhatsApp, Youtube among others permits individuals in various locales of the world to share data. Its capacity to flow and enhance data just as the ability to lead casual discussions makes it to be applied in proficient setting. Online networking is a significant switch of emergency the executives during the new media age (Jin, 2016). As indicated by analysts, the universes computerized populace is more proficient and more vocal than the disconnected partners. In light of this factor, there is a high chance that the majority of the news that identifies with the corporate emergency will initially break on the web. Each association is helpless against emergency and when the emergencies will emerge is in some cases flighty (George Pratt, 2012). Thusly, setting up alleviation systems assumes a critical job in forestalling the impacts of emergencies when they happen. For instance, a man going to an association could damage or slaughter the associate administrator or others in the organization. While figuring correspondence plan for an association, web based life ought to be considered in light of the fact that it is financially savvy instruments, simple to access and joins countless individuals contrasted with a portion of the customary strategies like email and web based publicizing (Jin, 2016). The blog entries, tweets, and Facebook transfer can empower associations to offer quick reaction or help to the representative, clients, and different partners, during the hours of emergencies. As organizations keep on getting progressively powerless against emergency, it has gotten compulsory for them to join online life into emergencies correspondence plans since it helps with scattering pertinent data momentarily (Forman, 2013). In spite of the fact that there are different elements to consider before scattering data through this method of correspondence, web based life is a principal apparatus which when utilized in the correct manner can help an association to get ready, react and recoup from a wide range of emergencies. In the current days, a great deal of web based life stages empower organizations to give data concerning crises all the more productively in light of the fact that they speak to the new correspondence system (Jin, 2016). A large portion of the web based life stages are with Computerized, advanced, and correspondence innovation that permits organizing in the quickest and progressively effective manners to different crowds all the while. Because of these highlights, associations have acknowledged it can help them to impact the manner by which individuals think, act and respond to data and circumstances during the hours of emergencies. On account of being connected to the cutting edge innovation, web based life can appropriate data quicker than the customary ways (Liam, 2011). The vast majority of the stages are additionally effectively open since they are accessible in practically all web empowered gadgets including PDAs. The motivation behind why this mode of correspondence ought to be utilized in correspondence plan is that it is less expensive contrasted with different types of correspondence. The job of web based life during the hours of emergencies is crucial and unavoidable (Liam, 2011). The utilization of these stages can empower an association to upgrade status and reactions, limit the expense of the emergency, improve straightforwardness of choices and furthermore improve the expected acknowledgment of the potential results. In reality, the utilization of web-based social networking can be utilized as an essential specialized instrument during emergencies. Organizations that are touchy to changes and innovative adjustments continually use websites, twitter, mobile phones and other internet based life stages to scatter data concerning emergency (Karen, 2013). The utilization of these devices empowers these organizations to arrive at enormous number of crowd with negligible expense. While notice in a large portion of the web based life stages is related with customary life refreshes or huge life declarations, taking one moment to compose all is well in the wake of emergencies can be a fantastically quick and basic method of soothing partners from anxiety (Forman, 2013). A portion of the web based life stages have moved this case to the following level by presenting Facebook wellbeing check. This viewpoint empowers Facebook to inquire as to whether you are fine when there are emergencies in your organization or city. In the event that you react that all is well, it consequently conveys a notice which says that I am sheltered. At the point when individuals reason about the advantages of internet based life in business tasks, they generally consider advertising (Rundle, 2010 ). In any case, numerous organizations are starting to utilize web-based social networking in different viewpoints remembering imparting for the occasions of emergencies. At the point when emergencies or crisis happen, web based life can be utilized appropriate data and furthermore to look for help. At the point when crises emerge, people search for a quick and nitty gritty reaction concerning what may be going on. They utilize online life stages to acquire however much data as could be expected concerning the dangers and the results of the emergency. Constant thought partaking in associations enhances the way of life of development and collaboration. The utilization of internet based life causes organizations to upgrade conceptualizing, coordinated effort, and inventiveness. Visit and convenient correspondence helps the workers, supervisors and different partners to remain associated with what's going on inside the association. For instance, when the understudy tweeted the supervisor that there was an equipped individual in the organization the person in question helped him to comprehend what was happening in the association. The instance of giving the supervisor data concerning the peril that was confronting the organization could assist the manager with taking a quick activity like calling the police to address the issue (Rundle, 2010 ). This implies if all around used, internet based life can help with tending to ongoing data that can help in managing hazard exercises that may jeopardize the lives of staff individuals. Aside from acknowledging benefits during the hours of emergency, utilize web based life as an interior correspondence stage can empower an association to accomplish different focal points (Richard, 2011). A portion of these advantages may remember an expansion for benefits, notoriety and worker fulfillment. The utilization of internet based life in correspondence plan additionally encourages quicker dynamic, simpler coordinated effort on ventures and more noteworthy acknowledgment for the staff part who performs better. At the point when PDA systems are blocked, internet based life can be a successful method of following a missing worker or somebody who is in peril inside an association. Different viewpoints make web based life so persuasive in hierarchical correspondence. One of these variables is it is allowed to join, which means any individual can join. Another factor is that a large portion of the online networking stages have monstrous participations (George Pratt, 2012). For instance, Facebook alone has in excess of million clients who are in various regions of the world. This demonstrates this method of correspondence can interface workers with their managers regardless of their land areas. Counting web based life has different advantages separated from simply imparting. Due to its capacity to connect countless individuals, associations can utilize online networking as a promoting apparatus (Melissa, 2015). Organizations have understood that publicizing items through online life is less expensive and more productive than utilizing broad communications and other promoting channels. A portion of the enormous organizations like Dell have utilized web-based social networking to amplify their business, image, and piece of the overall industry. Online networking has set up another route for workers to interface and offer data when crises happen (Monahan, 2010). This incorporates empowering the casualties to search for help when the customary wellsprings of correspondence are not accessible and sharing data when emergencies are probably going to emerge. Despite the fact that there are different issues that associations ought to be aware of when utilizing internet based life in their correspondence plan, the advantages distinguished in the ongoing investigations are irrefutable. The utilization of web based life in the midst of emergencies can be effective when three key angles are thought of. These angles are; the conveyance channel, the message content and the recurrence of message conveyance (Jeanne, 2013). When utilizing these stages during times of emergencies, the data that the organization sends should consider different variables like who will peruse the message and the sort of reaction they are probably going to give. The data ought to be in accordance with the companys objectives and strategy and must be genuine, fair and useful. While utilizing web based life as a specialized instrument, it is essential to guarantee the message content is structured in a way that it can help with shutting the hole between what the beneficiaries know and what they might want to know (Reiter, 2011). The organization ought to likewise be sharp with the substance in order to abstain from sending erroneous data. Albeit web based life has had a great deal of advantages during the hours of emergencies, there are different negative issues related with it when utilized as a specialized apparatus in associations. For instance, a large portion of the starters will in general feel that individuals via web-based networking media are frequently off-base. The motivation behind why they have this sort of recognition is that the vast majority of the stages don't have truth channel. At the point when the new clients read a surge of different people groups feelings, the procedure becomes monotonous and even neglects to comprehend the individuals who are talking realities and the individuals who misrepresent their remarks. During times of emergencies, data ought to be sent promptly to the individuals who are probably going to be affected like workers and different partners to guarantee their security (Marilyn, 2015). Since not every person is in the internet based life and furthermore the individuals who are individuals may not be web based during the hours of emergencies, the utilization of online networking as a communicati

How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students

How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Paper Science Investigation Issue: How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Paper The Plan We will compose a custom paper on How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In my analysis I am going to perceive how light influences the pace of photosynthesis. To do this investigation I am going to set up the contraption as appeared in figure 1. The mechanical assembly I am going to utilize are the accompanying: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 Meter Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the trial I will set up the device first. I will right off the bat place the tripod on the base of the cinch stand and fill the 300ml recepticle with 250ml of water to make the water shower. I will put the manager in the bar on the cinch stand and spot the clip in the chief. I would then fill the bubbling cylinder 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and spot it in the clasp. I would put the ring cover around the clasp stand encompassing the water base. At long last, I would connect the light and spot it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a fundamental examination to get a thought how to do the principle and appropriate trial and what might occur in the investigation. In the primer trial we didnt utilize the shields so it wasnt reasonable investigation. We did this since it gave us the thought what issues we may confront when we did the principle explore and gave us the thought how to do it. The pondweed ought to make photosynthesis by the accompanying condition: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis happens when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the encompassing air in its leaves and water from the close by soil in its underlying foundations. The leaves at that point take light vitality from the Sun, which is caught up in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be utilized in photosynthesis. Glucose is delivered and is changed over into Starch to be put away. Oxygen is created from the water and it is a waste item so it is discharged into the air. The plant utilizes Carbon Dioxide and water to make Carbohydrates. Glucose is a little, solvent particle which is pointless for a plant to use as vitality yet it changes over it into Starch, which is a huge and insoluble atom, so it tends to be put away for to be changed over go into Glucose. I made this trial as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. Right off the bat, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the bubbling cylinder to advance the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen air pockets would be created. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml container and in the bubbling cylinder the equivalent so the temperature could remain the equivalent, as that would influence the pace of photosynthesis. I put a ring folio around the cinch stand with the goal that remote light wouldnt be gathered by the pondweed and proceed with photosynthesis after I had exchanged of the light. I continually checked the temperature of the bubbling cylinder and the measuring glass so it wouldnt influence the pace of photosynthesis. I utilized a thermometer to check the temperature and I utilized a water shower to manage the temperature of the bubbling cylinder. I persistently utilized a similar pondweed in the entirety of my tests with the goal that the measure of chlorophyll would remain the equivalent and the measure of Oxygen created would likewise remain the equivalent. I foresee that the measure of oxygen created by the pondweed should diminish as I increment the separation between the bubbling cylinder and the light. The pace of photosynthesis should diminish as I decline light force and it should increment as I increment the light power. .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postImageUrl , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:visited , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active { border:0!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover { mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7e edca4915b9a0 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Depression And Mental Illness (Crime) EssayObtaining Evidence DistancePreliminary Attempt 10cm72 20cm54 30cm23 40cm18 50cm*22* This arrangement of results is the fundamental endeavor. The outcomes are incorrect on the grounds that it wasnt a reasonable test, as I didnt utilize any protections. 22 has a star close to it since it is an inconsistency. This is because of the way that no shields were utilized and conceivably the pondweed got remote light. Endeavors Distance12Average 10cm1206090 20cm68*65*68 30cm343132.5 40cm181516.5 50cm1099.5 These are the primary arrangement of results finished with reasonable testing. The peculiarity in these outcomes is 65 on the grounds that not the entirety of the Sodium Bicarbonate was blended in the bubbling cylinder with the . How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Paper Science Investigation Issue: How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Paper The Plan We will compose a custom paper on How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In my test I am going to perceive how light influences the pace of photosynthesis. To do this analysis I am going to set up the contraption as appeared in figure 1. The mechanical assembly I am going to utilize are the accompanying: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 Meter Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the test I will set up the mechanical assembly first. I will right off the bat place the tripod on the base of the cinch stand and fill the 300ml measuring utencil with 250ml of water to make the water shower. I will put the supervisor in the bar on the brace stand and spot the clasp in the chief. I would then fill the bubbling cylinder 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and spot it in the clip. I would put the ring cover around the brace stand encompassing the water base. At last, I would connect the light and spot it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a primer analysis to get a thought how to do the fundamental and legitimate examination and what might occur in the trial. In the fundamental trial we didnt utilize the protections so it wasnt reasonable test. We did this since it gave us the thought what issues we may confront when we did the fundamental investigation and gave us the thought how to do it. The pondweed ought to make photosynthesis by the accompanying condition: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis happens when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the encompassing air in its leaves and water from the close by soil in its underlying foundations. The leaves at that point take light vitality from the Sun, which is invested in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be utilized in photosynthesis. Glucose is delivered and is changed over into Starch to be put away. Oxygen is delivered from the water and it is a waste item so it is discharged into the air. The plant utilizes Carbon Dioxide and water to make Carbohydrates. Glucose is a little, solvent atom which is pointless for a plant to use as vitality yet it changes over it into Starch, which is an enormous and insoluble particle, so it very well may be put away for to be changed over go into Glucose. I made this examination as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. Initially, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the bubbling cylinder to advance the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen air pockets would be created. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml measuring glass and in the bubbling cylinder the equivalent so the temperature could remain the equivalent, as that would influence the pace of photosynthesis. I put a ring folio around the clasp stand with the goal that remote light wouldnt be gathered by the pondweed and proceed with photosynthesis after I had exchanged of the light. I continually checked the temperature of the bubbling cylinder and the recepticle so it wouldnt influence the pace of photosynthesis. I utilized a thermometer to check the temperature and I utilized a water shower to control the temperature of the bubbling cylinder. I constantly utilized a similar pondweed in the entirety of my trials with the goal that the measure of chlorophyll would remain the equivalent and the amoun

GRADUATION!!!

GRADUATION!!! Hey guys, Well, its finally here! Ive been a student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for four years, and they have been the best four years of my life. Here I found my true passion in writing and a girlfriend I can see a legitimate future with. But most important, I was afforded the opportunity to get an amazing education at one of the finest public institutions in the country. Just take this all in, kids. People come from all over the world and pay well over the in-state tuition because they recognize the merit of receiving a bachelors degree from this university. That is amazing, and when I think about the fact that I am about to be permanently cemented in that legacy of individuals who have attended and graduated from this great institution, I tear up a little bit. I am truly fortunate and grateful to have been able to attend college here. I grew into a man here, I learned so many amazing things here, and I am about to step into the world as a contributing member of society because of what I will be able to take away from here. Its an experience like no other, and I truly wish that all of you who have decided to come here can one day feel as elated as I do now. I-L-L!!! Until next time, Kenny Kenny Class of 2016 I’m in the Creative Writing program in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m originally from Tampa, Florida, but I’ve been calling Illinois my home since 1998. I’ve lived all over the Northwest suburbs, from Palatine to Lakemoor to where I currently live back home, Mundelein.

Summary Of The Pig Farmer Killer Essay - 1404 Words

1 Lappin Kristen Kennedy Lappin Dr. Harris PSY 331 December 14, 2016 Robert Pickton: The Pig Farmer Killer A serial killer, by definition, is an individual who murders three or more people, usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant break between them called the cooling off period. A man by the name of Robert Pickton, born October 24, 1949 in British Columbia, Canada, fits this definition. Robert William â€Å"Willie† Pickton is a former multi-millionaire pig farmer. He is originally from Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, and is serving life in prison with no possibility of parole for 25 years. This is the longest sentence available under the Canadian Law for murder. He was convicted in 2007 with the charges of second-degree murder for six different women. Additionally, Pickton was charged with the murder of twenty different women. These charges were stayed by the Crown in the year of 2010. During his trial, Pickton confessed to forty-nine different murders to a police officer posing as a cellmate of Pickton’s. During this confession, he also stated that he had fished he had killed one more female to make it an even fifty, but could not do so because he was caught for being too â€Å"sloppy†. What this man did was unlike any other murders Canada had ever seen. Pickton’s fate can be traced to his first attempted murder, a prostitute by the name of Wendy Lynn Eistetter. SheShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Genetic Engineering On Our Environment And Economy1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfruits, vegetables and other such organisms that humans eat. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are made when, genes from one organism are moved into another to improve or change the characteristics of that organism. 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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay - 1626 Words

Protesting is one of the many ways to get someone to listen to you, it helps a group of people to easily voice their opinion when they feel something is not right. Protests can either be effective or ineffective based on the way they’re handled. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an advocate for a type of protesting that called for patience and steadfastness over anger and violence. There are many others that have used nonviolence to promote their ideology, such as Henry David Thoreau, Mohandas Gandhi, and Rosa Parks. All their protests worked because they could create sentiment from their argument using nonviolent means. The nonviolent protests used by Dr. King would be effective in these times because they create sentiment, enhance legitimacy and they also show a level of education and maturity from the movement. Nonviolent campaigns work very well because trying to repress a nonviolent protest can look like bullying to someone who has no stance on the issue. 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According to Joseph Campbells characteristics Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. has a characteristic of a hero such as, a hero is usually someone from whom something has been taken or who feels theres something lacking in the normal experience available, or permitted, to members of his society. (The Power of Myth, 1998) Dr. Martin Luther King was a man who yearned for dignity and respectRead More The Rhetoric of Pathos in the Writings of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rhetoric of Pathos in the Writings of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I have a dream, says Dr. Samuel Proctor, Martin Luther King, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Rutgers University. All the little children--you hear everywhere you go: I have a dream. All the little children repeating that speech. Its become like the Star Spangled Banner or the Pledge of Allegiance. Its entered our culture. And so it has: I have a dream has become one of the most memorable phrases of the twentieth centuryRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s Fight Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s Fight Throughout history there have been times when citizens have had the need, as well as the responsibility, to violate certain societal rules/laws in order to protest against unjust treatment and bring about social or political change. It began as early as Socrates, who disobeyed an unjust decree against teaching his ideas, which led to his being condemned to death; Mahatma Gandhi’s fight against British rule over India; and Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seatRead MoreEssay about Biography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.4067 Words   |  17 PagesBiography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Jan. 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968 Nationality: American Occupation: civil rights leader Occupation: minister (religion) Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in the Atlanta home of his maternal grandfather, Adam Daniel Williams (1863 — 1931). He was the second child and the first son of Michael King Sr. (1897 — 1984) and Alberta Christine Williams King (1903 — 1974). Michael Jr. had an older sister, Willie Christine (b. 1927), and a youngerRead MoreEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. King practiced everything that he preached, he did not preach or speak values that he himself did not follow. He established himself as a pastor that was not afraid of hard work, guiding the middle-class congregation to public service. For example, Peake, Thomas

Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages Free Essays

With China being a market of more than 1. 3 billion people, competition for this newly emerging market Is rich. The following brands are omitting In the Chinese market. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 3 National comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage propagated by the classical economist David Richard proposes that a country attractiveness to foreign investment is determined by its inherent natural factors such as land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population. Michael Porter’s Diamond of National Advantage extends the theory to propose that a nation can create new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support, and ultra. Kicker uses Porter’s model here to determine the national comparative advantage. 1. 3. 1 Factor conditions China can offer quality products because of its comparatively cheap labor. China has become the location of choice for global manufacturing. This is usually attributed to its low wages. Chinese factory workers today earn 50 cents to $2 an hour and often work long shifts, getting minimal time off for weekends and holidays. [Prosperity, 2005] Competitive Labor: China’s workers are not Just inexpensive but literate, hard irking, already reasonably skilled and desperate to be trained. There is also a sizable and growing cadre of university-educated technologists and professionals. For example, China is now graduating 330,000 engineers and scientists annually, as compared with 398,622 for the United States [Prosperity, 2005]. Abundant resources: Apart from competent and cheap human resources, China also boasts of huge natural resources. All the raw materials required for producing Kicker are easily available in China at very competitive prices. 1. 3. 2 Demand Conditions The demand for car audio is increasing rapidly in China, as already noted in a previous chapter. The demand has increased steadily, however, not from Kicker’s current target market, which is the higher income earning group. The demand for Kicker products will stagnate if it does not lower its price to suit the needs of the upcoming middle class group. Growing market populations: China offers a huge market population of 1. 3 billion people. As seen earlier, the middle class car purchasing group, which is Kicker’s new target group, is increasing phenomenally wing to national growth. 1. 3. 3 Related and Supporting Industries Kicker sources most of its raw materials from China, who are suppliers of global standard raw materials. Kicker can benefit from the existence of its support industries in China. 1. 3. 4 Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Kicker is not a single player in the market. This is good because the existence of competition ensures that there is sufficient motivation for product innovation. It also indicates that the demand for foreign car audio exists in the market and has the potential to expand. All the factors together indicate that the time is ripe for Kicker to begin its operations in China. . 3. 5 Government attitude towards FED / foreign firms The biggest advantage for China is its open policies on foreign direct investments. China is attracting multinational companies by improving relevant policies to attract multinationals to invest in China [China’s Absorption of Foreign Investment, n. D. ]. The efforts are paying off well, as indicated earlier, the phenomenal increase of over 142% in foreign direct investment from 1999 to 2003. How to cite Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages, Papers

People - Work and Organization

Question: Discuss about the People, Work and Organization. Answer: Company Overview KPMG is a Swiss Cooperative, providing professional services to the global organizations. The company has three major services such as tax, audit and advisory. Previously, the name of the organization was KMG abs after merging up with Peat Marwick; they change the name of KPMG. The company employs total 174,000 employees in global market (kpmg, 2016). Headquarter of the company is at Amstelveen. The company was founded in 1987. The company is known as the best financial service provider in global market. The annual revenue of the company is US$24.44 billion as per 2015. Level of complexity When it comes to the level of complexity, KPMG encounters complexity due to governmental regulations. KPMG conduct business in global market. On the other hand, government of different country has different regulations for financial sectors. Therefore, it is difficult for the company to comply with these legislations. The organizational process becomes complex for KPMG due to high regulatory difference (kpmg, 2016). As governments do not have any global framework, the company needs to understand lot of policies and regulation in order to conduct business in global market. Apart from that, information management is another challenge, which makes business of KPMG complex. In order to satisfy global client, the company needs to conduct efficient market research. However, limitation of confidential data increases the level of complexity. Mintzbergs configuration model Organizaiotons dealing with financial services are having hierarchical organizational structure. KPMG conducts business in global market and therefore, the organizational structure of this company has to be hierarchical (Ho, Lai Lee, 2013). In order to understand the type of organization and its structure, Mintzbergs configuration model has been evaluated. According to this model, there are five types of organizational structure. Following is the evaluation of these organizational types. The machine organization In such organization, the procedures are formalized. The processes should be aligned with the employees roles and responsibility (Tomanek, 2016). Centralized decision-making of this kind of organization helps to avoid uncertainty. However, this kind of structure is only appropriate for the manufacturing company. The entrepreneurial organization In this kind of organization, the processes are simple and flexible as well. There is no standardized system and therefore, the entire process is very informal (Hogan Coote, 2014). However, KPMG have to follow proper guideline of government in order to conduct business in global market. Therefore, KMPG is not an entrepreneurial organization. The divisional organization This kind of organizations has a range of products or services. The organizational structure of this kind of company is divisional. There will be a central headquarter to support the autonomous sections (Kummerow Kirby, 2013). This kind of organizational structure can be seen is large and global organization. Therefore, it can be said that KPMG is a divisional organization. The professional organization The basic different between machine organizations and professional organization is, professional organization rely on trained workforce in order to achieve the organizational goal (Schneider, Ehrhart Macey, 2013). The term professional refers to the attitude of controlling critical situation without taking any assistance. This organizational structure can be seen in manufacturing industry. The innovative organization This kind of organizations relies on innovative strategies in order to achieve organizational goal (Shahzad et al., 2012). The organizations do not have any rigid policy to comply. As KPMG needs to comply with organizational and governmental policies, it can be said that this organizational structure is not appropriate for this context. Symbolic Frame According to Scheins concept of cultural model, organizations do not adopt their culture in one day. The process is lengthy and depends on different situations. In case of KPMG, the company has five different logos such as primary logo, blue logo, black logo, solid blue logo and solid black logo (kpmg, 2016). The purposes of these logos are different and introduced in different organizational situation. Scheins concept of cultural model suggests that if an organization has strict policies to comply with, then the company is highly professional. As described, KPMG maintains their logo in an appropriate manner. The company uses each logo for different purpose. Therefore, it can be said that the approach of this company is more professional in contrast with other organizations in this field. Following are the logos that KPMG have: KPMG primary logo KPMG blue logo KPMG black logo KPMG solid blue logo KPMG solid black logo Figure: Logo of KPMG (Source: kpmg, 2016) KPMG is a service-based organization serving to the global consumers. Apart from that, the company is complying with a range of regulations. Therefore, it can be said that the company maintains professionalism, which makes the company different from the competitors. Aligning Symbolic, HHR and Structural Frame Figure: Organizational Structure of KPMG (Source: kpmg, 2016) According to the organizational structure, KPMG has a hierarchical structure. The top management controls the lower management in order to ensure that the organizational objectives are achieved. According to the Mintzbergs configuration model, KPMG is divisional organization. In this kind of organization, employees are bound to comply with the organizational policies. Therefore, KMPG maintains the use of different logos in order to maintain their global identify (Ho, Lai Lee, 2013). The logo designed by the human resource management of the company stands for different purpose. SFor example, the solid black logo is used for signage. However, the background of the signage should be white or light color. It helps the company to display a prominent brand image in global market. According to the organizational structure, the company needs to maintain the professional approach while conducting business in global market. Apart from that, the entire process of this organization is controlle d by the headquarters (Hogan Coote, 2014). Therefore, it can be said that global council, global executive team and global board are responsible for implementing new strategies. As this organization follows a hierarchical approach, the lower level management should maintain the policies framed by the higher management. Therefore, the organizational culture should fall under the professional organization in Mintzbergs configuration model. References Ho, C. L., Lai, G. C., Lee, J. P. (2013). Organizational structure, board composition, and risk taking in the US property casualty insurance industry.Journal of Risk and Insurance,80(1), 169-203. Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. kpmg,. (2016). Retrieved 9 August 2016, from https://www.kpmg.com/NO/NB/Om-Oss/presse-og-media/Documents/logoRiktlinjer.pdf kpmg,.(2016).kpmg.www.kpmg.com/RU/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Confronting%20complexity.pdf. Retrieved 9 August 2016, from https://www.kpmg.com/RU/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Confronting%20complexity.pdf Kummerow, E., Kirby, N. (2013). Organisational Culture: Concept, Context, and Measurement (In Two Volumes).World Scientific Books. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture.Annual review of psychology,64, 361-388. Shahzad, F., Luqman, R. A., Khan, A. R., Shabbir, L. (2012). Impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: an overview.Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business,3(9), 975. Tomanek, R. (2016). Koleje lskie as an Example of H. Mintzbergs Structural Configuration Theory Application in Designing Organizational Structure of a Railway Operator. InTransport Development Challenges in the Twenty-First Century(pp. 231-239). Springer International Publishing.

Why I want to be an Army Aviator Essay Example

Why I want to be an Army Aviator Essay Each of us has different aspirations in life. Being responsible and determined are the key roles in being successful in life. They can help us to aim for higher goals. My name is (insert your name here) I wanted to be an Army Aviator and I have all the knowledge and skills for the said position.The different challenges we face in our day-to-day lives help us become who we are today. These experiences give us a glimpse of reality and allowed us to strive hard and become the best that we can be. As a child, I have always believed that I am special. I believe that someday I will be notable for doing something not only for my family but for the benefit of my countrymen. Although I faced so many struggles I maintain my optimism and hard work. I was able to learn backgrounds about aviation and how important the job of an army aviator is. Because of this, I grew up knowing that even if I have a lot of imperfections, I can still hone myself to succeed and be recognized for my skills. I alway s give my best in everything I do. For me, being in this position is essential in the success of y individuality. It will make me overwhelmed because I am trusted with handling not only the aircraft but also the lives of people who I am with. Once given the chance to be in the position I will strive hard and rise above the rest.Being an army aviator is one great privilege that should not be taken for granted. I am motivated to travel the road towards becoming an extraordinary army aviator where I can participate in service and in innovating goals and ideas. I have the right mindset, cognitive ability, perceptual accuracy and speed, personality and the right attitude to be in the position. I love the practice of army aviation and I am blessed with priceless knowledge that will serve as my driving force to continue the journey towards my true calling.

Euthanasia2 essays

Euthanasia2 essays The origin of the word 'euthanasia' comes from the Greek eu, "good," and thanatos, "death," meaning literally, "good death." But the word "euthanasia" has acquired a more complex meaning in modern times. It is generally taken nowadays to mean doing something about achieving a good death. Suicide, self-deliverance, auto-euthanasia, aid-in-dying, assisted suicide call it what you like can be justified by the average supporter of the so-called '"right to die" movement. It is advanced terminal illness that is causing unbearable suffering to the individual. This is the most common reason to seek an early end. Grave physical handicap which is so restricting that the individual cannot, even after due consideration, counseling and retraining, tolerate such a limited existence. This is a fairly rare reason for suicide most impaired people cope remarkably well with their affliction but there are some who would, at a certain point, rather die. What are the ethical parameters for eu thanasia? The person is a mature adult. This is essential. The exact age will depend on the individual but the person should not be a minor who comes under quite different laws. The person has clearly made a considered decision. An individual has the ability nowadays to indicate this with a "Living Will" (which applies only to disconnection of life supports) and can also, in today's more open and tolerant climate about such actions, freely discuss the option of euthanasia with health professionals, family, lawyers, etc. My position is that euthanasia should be legalized for the terminally ill. Because of the increasing number of suicides in Michigan, Gov. John Engler signed an anti-suicide law that made doctor-assisted suicides a felony. During the 21-month trial period of the new law anyone assisting in a suicide can be sentenced to up to four years in prison and fined more than $2,000 (Reuters 1993). In a poll cited in a 1991 issu...

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Research - Essay Example There is no denying the fact that a majority of the top models were affiliated to a few select brands like HTC, Samsung, Apple, Nokia and Blackberry. The Smartphone available at this store evinced a range of features and applications. The Samsung Galaxy S4 happened to be a really top end phone that offered varied flexible possibilities like the option to use microSD to expand the phone memory. This model was virtually an Android powerhouse. The phone came with an eye tracking and Smart Scroll feature that allows scrolling while looking at the screen while keeping the phone a little tilted. There is a smart pause features that pauses the video being played if the user is not looking at the screen. The Air View feature allows implementing advanced functionality by holding or swiping a finger or a hand slightly over the phone. Group Play feature allows for an ad hoc sharing of files between Galaxy phones as is the case in multiplayer games and also facilitates music streaming specifical ly in Galaxy S4 phones. Truly speaking this phone came with a range of advanced features. Apple iPhone 5 also happened to be a top class phone that promised multiple advanced features. ... With its advanced wireless technology, Apple iPhone 5 connects to more networks around the world. The speed is remarkable that allows for a hassle free browsing, streaming and sharing. The phone comes with the new A6 chip that is very powerful, without taxing the battery anymore. HTC One happened to be a Smartphone that came with a range of features not available in other Smartphone. It came with a 4MP UltraPixel Camera that happened to be the best in its class. HTC One runs on Android 4.1 (jellybean) however its user interface is way apart from the regular Android user interfaces. This model has done away with the standard Android hardware button layout and the device could be readily navigated with the help of only two keys. The BlinkFeed feature is really unique as it indeed boosts content sharing, and social media integration. The phone comes with two powerful frontal speakers. The phone comes equipped with an infrared based blaster that allows it to act as an extension to the us ers’ TV. The price of the Smartphone available at this retail outlet varied from as low as $97 for the Blackberry Bold 9650 (without contract) to as high as $605 for Galaxy S4 (without contract). No wonder the price variation in the market for Smartphone is high and a consumer really gets confused as to the brand one can chose. The special thing that was noticed in case of most of the Smartphone models was that packaging and display evinced a hallmark of marketing astuteness. In most of the models the packaging happened to be sleek and was mostly intended to enhance the aesthetic appeal and to allow for easy display and stacking in the stores. In terms of the packaging, most of the brands made it a point to appear innovative and unique. In the Smartphone market there

Knowledge Management- Group case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Knowledge Management- Group analysis - Case Study Example Workers, particularly the scientists, are not willing to give up their current practices which they have been practicing since 20 years in the organization (Debowski, 2006). These employees were engaging in the behavioral evolutionary path to learning whereby past practices reflect current learning. Learning by doing was being practiced at an individual level through repetition of practices (Easterby-Smith & Lyles, 2005). A major inhibition to knowledge sharing in this case is significant hoarding of knowledge by new staff that places greater emphasis on individual performance on job as opposed to collective performance. Also, as per the social learning theory, these employees lack motivation towards knowledge sharing at an individual level by considering it as lowering rather than increasing productivity. Furthermore, there the lack of positive reinforcement to reward â€Å"learning† behaviors is evident. As per the behaviorism view, ignorance of behaviors leads to their exti nction (Phillips & Soltis, 2004). This shows how lack of ‘group’ rewards has contributed towards the extinction of knowledge sharing practices amongst scientists who are worried about securing ‘individual’ gains. ... A few key recommendations may be offered in view of the above. Knowledge management must be viewed as an integrated process with an alignment of the new technology, HR and practitioners (employees) (Jashapara, 2004). Hiring a consultant is not enough; there needs to be a systematic process involving interviews, questionnaires and behavioral research to understand the practical issues employees face. It seems at present that there is nil cross-functional communication as far as project teams are concerned. Hence, team members must gather after a project team is formed to discuss the way forward. Managers handling past projects must be encouraged to devote time to sharing their experience with the new project’s team so that they can learn from past mistakes. Furthermore, employees who work on â€Å"eight consecutive projects† must certainly not be categorized as temporary employees as this way the company loses their crucial contribution to knowledge creation. The organiz ational structure ought to be redefined with specific terms of service attributed to temporary and permanent employees. Additional staff also needs to be hired because some employees are simultaneously working on two jobs which increases stress and leaves little scope for knowledge sharing. Keeping in view the geographically dispersed nature of projects in Engineering Division, the development of Communities of Practice (COPs) is encouraged. Finally, there is little attempt towards learning from the best practices of other similar firms. There seems to be no benchmarking which compares the organization’s progress against that of others. Knowledge-oriented firms often operate in a

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique Introduction Throughout history, natural and synthetic drugs have been used for many uses. The first drugs were based on natural sources [1] and it is common practice to isolate a drug from its natural sources before synthesis. Usage of these drugs is regulated by governmental organizations, in the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Organization achieves this goal, and any use that is not approved is commonly frowned upon. The deviation of the use of drugs from their approved medical practice is termed drug abuse. The practice of drug abuse is as old as drugs itself. Drugs that alter mood have always existed and the approved usage is partially constructed by society. For example, alcohol use is normal, and sometimes excessively celebrated, in western culture but is prohibited in some religious cultures. While there are several other drugs that are abused daily, this review will be mainly focused on cocaine and its abuse [2]. Originally derived from the coca plant, the history of cocaine use can be detailed as far back as 600 AD. It was common practice for Peruvian Indians to digest the leaves for its euphoric effects. In the 1880s, it was first isolated to use in anesthetic agents due to its abilities as a vasoconstrictor. By 1885, coca could be found in various products such as cigarettes and Coca Cola. Other soft drinks and alcoholic beverages also contained cocaine at the time. However, once news surfaced of cocaine addiction, the perspectives regarding cocaine began to shift. Laws were enacted against cocaine use and by the 1950s, the earlier cocaine abuse was forgotten. However, the more potent version of cocaine, crack, became popular in the 80s and a rise of cocaine abuse followed. It was popular to administer the alkaloid via inhalation or intravenous injections. It was also placed under the tongue (oral sublingual), rubbed on the skin, or inserted into the vagina/anus [2]. Due to its rampant usa ge, it became evident that a method to test for cocaine presence in the human body was necessary to curb its abuse. The purpose of general drug testing is to identify and detect the drug in question, and in turn, deter its usage. An unlimited amount of drugs can be detected in drugs and the sample can be re-tested several times. The analytical techniques utilized in drug testing are separated into two classes: assays based on molecule recognition and separation techniques such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The art of drug testing combines different analytical techniques into a two-tier system where the first step is a quick screening followed by a confirmation step to confirm the results. While the quick on-site screening reduces costs and errors from delays between sampling and analysis, the possibility of false results is lowered with a confirmation step [3]. The biological specimen normally used in these tests is blood and urine; each with its benefits and downfalls. The use of urine as a biological speci men is the cheapest option and as a result, it is most commonly used. However, it is difficult to handle and it is easy to cheat the testing system since people are not watched when the sample is collected. The use of blood offered the advantage of monitoring the patient while the sample is collected. However, blood is also difficult to handle and store and isolating the sample from blood complicates drug testing [4]. As a result, other biological specimens such as hair, sweat, and nasal mucus have been researched as alternatives. In the case of cocaine, this article shows that mucus can be used as an alternative specimen to test for cocaine presence. A two-tier system was developed that utilizes ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and infrared spectroscopy(IR) to test for cocaine in mucus was developed and refined. Mucus was the specimen of interest because it is a non-invasive collection process and unlike blood and urine, the parent compound is present. IMS is a technique with high sensitivity so it will be able to identify positive samples and IR possesses high selectivity so it will be able to confirm these positive results. As a result, IMS is used to detect if the sample is present and IR is used to confirm the original result. Methods and Results Twelve seized cocaine samples with concentrations varying from 25-80% w/w were utilized in conjunction with mucus specimen collected from cocaine users. These users were male from 25 years old to 40 years old. Cocaine-free mucus was obtained from males and females from 25 40 years old. Note that the seized cocaine samples were utilized to develop the method and the collected samples were used to test the method. A liquid chromatography procedure was utilized as the reference procedure. A LC Dionex P680 system was utilized and an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer was used as the mobile phase. For the IMS procedure, an IONSCAN-LS system was used to analyze the samples. Nicotinamide acted as an internal calibrant in order to collect a plasmagram for the sample being tested. A Teflon membrane was used to insert the sample into the machine and to prevent any systematic errors, a blank Teflon membrane was inserted in the machine beforehand. For the IR procedure, a Tensor 27 FT-IR spectrometer was used to obtain the spectra and this was analyzed using the OPUS program. The transmission cell utilized to insert the sample had an open upper side in order to strengthen sensitivity. As a result, a normal cell with 2 mm windows now had Teflon spacers that were 0.5mm thick [3]. The IMS results comparing cocaine containing samples to non-cocaine samples are shown in figure 1a. The highest peak is from the internal calibrant with a K0 of 1.860 cm2 V-1sec-1 . Despite needing a mass spectrometer to assign the peaks, it can be hypothesized that the main peak present in the cocaine seized samples that is absent in non-cocaine users can be attributed to cocaine. Cocaine presents a peak at 15.07 ms drift time with a reduced mobility of 1.16 cm2 V-1sec-1 which matches the literature values. As a result, the characteristics of this peak were used to formulate a criterion that determines the presence of cocaine. Within each plasmagram in question, one must look for the K0 value, a variability value of 50  µg of the peak drift time, a peak amplitude of 1.5, a threshold value of 20, and a full width value at the 1/2maximul amplitude of the peak of 200  µs. Once the IMS results were formulated, two seized samples that tested positive underwent an IR procedu re. The resulting spectra presented a plethora of absorption bands but three are of interest: the stretching of the carbonyl group causes a band at 1726 cm-1; the mono-substituted benzene stretches and causes a band at 1017 cm-1; and out-of-plane bending vibrations cause a band at 965 cm-1. Therefore, a criterion must also be formulated to determine the presence of cocaine. Within an IR spectrum, one should look for peaks within three regions: 1786 to 1701 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, from 1363 to 1257 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, and 1166 to 950 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 [3]. In order to determine the most effective means in collecting mucus, an artificial sniffer to replicate the nose was developed and two different types of swabs were tested. In these studies, a benzocaine, lidocaine, and lactose mixture was utilized. 50 mg of the mixture was sniffed with the artificial sniffer and different swabs were used to collect the samples. The procedure was repeated thrice in order to determine recovery efficiency. The two swabs tested were a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick and single cotton tipped wood stick. Looking at figure 1b and 1c, it is evident that the double cotton tipped polystyrene stick is better for powdered compounds mixed in with mucus so this stick is recommended for mucus collection [3]. If one is to develop a technique to detect and identify an analyte, thresholds must be determined for these assays. By using successive dilutions of a cocaine standard of 1000 mg/L, the limit of detection (LOD) of the IMS technique was determined to be 15 pg. This means that if cocaine is present at any lower amounts, the IMS technique cannot be used to generate a true positive value. The limit of concentration (LOC) was used to determine the threshold for the IR technique. This value was determined to be 100  µg and if any sample is tested to be below this concentration, it cannot be confirmed to be cocaine[3]. Another factor that must be considered is the time delay between administration of drug and drug testing. As a result, the IMS+IR method was performed on these samples with varying times from 15 minutes up until 120 mins, and then after 24 hours. In figure 2c, cocaine was still identifiable up until 120 mins and even after 24 hours, traces were still detectable via the IMS technique [3]. In order for this new method to be viable, the possibility of interference from other compounds must be ruled out. In street cocaine, the product is cut in order to maximize profit. In other words, other anesthetics are mixed in to reduce the amount of cocaine needed to make a profit. In order to show that these common cutting agents do not interfere with the method, these compounds were analyzed by IMS and IR. Evident in figure 3, almost all cutting agents do not overlap with the distinct cocaine peak except for tetracine that has a peak at 15.25 ms with a K0 of 1.151 cm2 V-1sec-1, oxymetazoline at 14.90 ms with a K0 of 1.165 cm2 V-1sec-1, and xylometazoline at 14.77 ms with a K0 of 1.168 cm2 V-1sec-1. These three were analyzed by IR and their spectra (Figure 3) can be distinguished from cocaines spectra. The correlation coefficents were calculated to be less than 90% so the probability of false positives is close to zero. The worry that competitive ionization would also create false positives was also quenched by evaluating different mixtures of cocaine and cutting agents and in most cases, cocaine was detected. The use of other compounds such as a xylomethazoline-containing nasal spray and a topical ointment were tested using the double confirmation method. The only exception is the 1:5 and 1:10 ratio of tetracaine and cocaine. It seems like when cocaine is diluted, the cutting agent causes a shift in cocaines peak in the IMS plasmagram. However, the IR spectra can confirm the presence of this sample. Throughout this process, only one false positive showed up, the 1:10 ratio of lidocaine and cocaine due it the correlatio n coefficient being less than 90% [3]. Now that the method has been fully developed, it was tested using the cocaine samples collected from individuals. 35 samples were collected, nine samples were from individuals who did not use cocaine and the rest used. It is a bit difficult to quantify the amount of cocaine in the mucus due to the matrix but the purpose of the method to detect and identify the analyte. The samples also underwent a liquid chromatography procedure as a reference for the data. As evident in figure 4, the number of false positives is zero using the double confirmation technique. Even when the nose was cleaned with saline before sample collection, the method was still able to detect and identify the analyte afterwards [3]. Discussion This double confirmation technique has been proven to be a successful method for cocaine abuse. The thresholds for each step has been determined and it is recommended that a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick should be used for extractions. The laboratory equipment used can be found in smaller sizes, in order to use outside of lab. As mentioned earlier, some advantages with this technique include easier specimen collection, high selectivity and sensitivity, low risk of interference, and its ability to generate a true positive response up to two hours of exposure [3]. Other techniques with similar advantages are currently being developed as well. Scientists in Europe have developed a surface mass spectrometry technique that detects cocaine from fingerprints [5]. Researchers have suggested sweat patch testing as an alternative to urinalysis for cocaine abuse [6]. However, the possibility of cheating this new method via nasal irrigation and neti pots raises some questions about its application. In other words, if someone has the ability to flush out the main analyte from their nose, in what cases should this technique be utilized? Is it viable for drug testing for employers since people can just flush out their nose in succession a few days before the test? Is this technique more viable in a forensic sense? These are questions that need further research. References (Note:re-format for all of them to have the same format and re-order alphabetically) [1] Goodman Gilmans: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e Eds. Laurence L. Brunton, et al. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/content.aspx?bookid=1613sectionid=102124003. [2] Das, Gopal. Cocaine abuse in North America: a milestone in history. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33.4 (1993): 296-310. [3] Noninvasive Double Confirmation of Cocaine Abuse Sergio Armenta, Miguel de la Guardia, Manel Alcalà  , and Marcelo Blanco. Analytical Chemistry. 2013. 85. (23), 11382-11390 [4] Klaassen, Curtis D., and Mary O. Amdur, eds. Casarett and Doulls toxicology: the basic science of poisons. Vol. 8. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. [5] Bailey, Melanie J., et al. Rapid detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine in fingerprints using surface mass spectrometry. Analyst 140.18 (2015): 6254-6259. [6] Liberty, Hilary James, Bruce D. Johnson, and Neil Fortner. Detecting Cocaine Use Through Sweat Testing: Multilevel Modeling of Sweat Patch Length-of-Wear Data. Journal of analytical toxicology 28.8 (2004): 667-673. Print.

Extended Essay

Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 By Saidkhon Turaev An Extended Essay Submitted as a Candidate for the International Baccaureate Diploma Subject: History Supervisor: Mr. Alex Ross Tashkent International School IBO World School 3076 Session: May 2011 October 5, 2010 Word Count: 3,831 Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION 1 FIRST REASON: DEATH OF STALIN 3 SECOND REASON: REGIME OF THE CAMP 5 THIRD REASON: UKRAINIAN LEADERSHIP 7 FOURTH REASON: INTRO OF THE LARGE GROUP OF CRIMINALS 9 CONCLUSION 10 APPENDIX 1 WORK CITED 12 [i] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Tashkent International School: IBO World School 3076 Tashkent Uzbekistan Author: Title: Supervisor: Session: Turaev, Saidkhon (003076-017) Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 Mr. Alex Ross May 2011 Abstract While studying the Soviet history, very few people learn about the uprisin gs that had happened in Gulags after Stalin? s death. One of the key gulag uprisings which happened in 1954 was the Kengir uprising which took place in Steplag camp located in Jezkazgan region in Kazakhstan.Unlike any other gulag uprisings the Kengir uprising marked the end of the Soviet gulags. However in the modern day world, very little is known about this uprising and about the factors which have caused it. General agreement seems to be around the several ideas like: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp, the Ukrainian leadership and the introduction of the group of criminals into the camps. So therefore it is important for a historian to assess all these factors and determine which of them caused the Kengir uprising.It was very hard to find any sufficient primary sources to this event, due to the fact that the most Gulag archives are still classified. So therefore the research was focused on circumstantial evidence. The investigation includes works of Alexander Solzhenits yn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† and many secondary sources, written by the western historians. Although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there when the uprising happened, he remains one of famous sources who dedicated entire chapter for this uprising. The investigation found that three factors: the death of Stalin, the Ukrainian leadership and the regime of the camp were the main causes for the uprising.Those three factors were interlinked within each other and only together they were responsible for causing the Kengir uprising. [Word Count 256] [ii] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Introduction The Kengir Uprising of 1954 was one of the important events in Soviet history. It was the rebellion organized by the large group of prisoners in the Steplag camp in the city of the Jezkazgan in 16th of May till 26th of June. The uprising continued for forty days until it was brutally crushed by the Soviet tanks. Very little is known today about this uprising and about the reasons which could? e caused it. There are different historical positions on what could? ve been the reason for the uprising. The Steplag camp was one of the labor complexes of the Karaganda gulag or s imply Karlag. Karlag was founded in 1931 in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and it served the USSR for about thirty years as a labor complex. The NKVD and the MVD use to send people of different nationalities to this gulag. Many Nazi camp prisoners, who were â€Å"liberated† by the Soviet Union after World War II, were also sent to the Karlag.Among those prisoners there were some fearsome nationalistic groups like the Ukrainians, who hated and didn? t trust in the Soviet system like other USSR satellite states. It was estimated that there were about 800,000 inmates in Karaganda gulag, 20,000 of which were located in the Steplag camp during the Kengir uprising. 1 It was truly remarkable how small group of prisoners was ready to stand against the whole country without the fear of being killed. Ne vertheless their attempts to achieve any fairness were easily suppressed by the government after 40 days, which once again emphasizes that the Soviet government couldn? deal with those kinds of situations without using the force. But the key thing in the uprising was that it lasted for such a long time, whereas in Stalin? s era, there wouldn? t be any hesitations in killing every single rebel in the camp. It was clear that the new authority didn? t want to go the path which led to the terror, which in turn can be argued, was their main weakness. One might agree that the Soviet Union couldn? t exist without gulags. Therefore, by having doubts in their actions the Soviet authority took the first step towards its own annihilation.Thus one can consider that the Kengir uprising symbolizes the thaw from Stalinization to something different. It is very hard for people who research about this uprising to find adequate primary source, due to the fact that Soviet Union was a secretive totalit arian state which was very careful at hiding information from public 1 Astana Calling p. 3 [1] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 eyes. So the only choice is to rely on circumstantial evidence, provided by authors like Alexander Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago,† and then make implications on what has happened.Solzhenitsyn to this day remains one of the famous sources, who dedicated entire chapter, â€Å"Forty Days of Kengir,† to the uprising in Steplag. Besides â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† there are also a lot of secondary sources such as Anne Applebaum? s book â€Å"Gulag, a history† or Steven Barnes review of the uprising â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens. † All of these explain western historian point of view on the events which happened before and after the Kengir uprising. This essay is concerned with determining what were the most important factors in causing the Kengir uprising.The possible factors that may have contribut ed to the uprising were the following: the death of Stalin, Ukrainian nationalist leadership, the regime of the camp, and the introduction of criminal prisoners. Some say that the real problems were caused by Ukrainians, because most of them belonged to the nationalist groups who opposed the Soviet political regime and wanted the separation of Ukraine from the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian nationalists were sent to the Gulags as the political enemies of the USSR. In contrast other historians claim that the criminals were the main reason for the uprising in Kengir.Criminals were the group of inmates who were always in conflict with the polit ical prisoners in Steplag. During the outbreaks of the Kengir uprising criminals were sent into the camps to calm down the politicals, but instead both groups joined efforts to fight the authorities. However others claim that the death of Stalin overweights all of the arguments above. Stalin? s death was remarkable moment in history, because it imp licated that the terror was over and that the political prisoners would finally be free. It of course raised expectations in the hearts of many gulag prisoners.Perhaps those aroused expectations were the main reason behind the uprising in Steplag. On the other hand some blame must lie with the regime of the camp, which also played a key role in creating the uprising in Steplag. During Stalin? s reign the regime was very strict. Guards were ordered to kill anyone who attempts to run or tried to organize a revolt. So it is important for one to access the reasons behind the uprising in order to see why certain things could? ve caused everything to change. [2] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 First Reason: Death of StalinOn 5th of March 1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died of the brain stroke. To many gulag prisoners, particularly to political prisoners, his death meant that the tyranny and terror was finally over. The author of the book â€Å"Letters of the Camp Doctor† and the former gulag prisoner Vadim Aleksandrovich has commented about the situation: â€Å"Majority of the prisoners understood of what the man was made of. They understood that he was tyrant, that he controlled a great country and that the fate of each prisoner was somehow related to the fate of Stalin. 2 It seems that this source is based on opinion, so therefore might contain bias. However it can be useful to a historian in terms providing some idea on what was the general feeling among the prisoners towards Stalin. Despite the fact that many prisoners awaited his death, most of them remained cautious about the situation, mainly because they? re afraid of earning a second sentence. However in Steplag, prisoners weren? t afraid of showing their happiness – they were making wild cries of celebration3as Applebaum comments, which imply that they waited for some changes to come.One of the Steplag prisoners Yuri Grunin even stated â€Å"the blessing times would soon come,† 4which once again gives a historian an idea of how the prisoners felt during that time. One can argue that the death of Stalin didn? t accomplish the hopes of the prisoners towards the reforms that they expected from the authorities. This is clearly reflected on the releases, which were issued by his right hand man and the chief of KGB Lavrenty Beria. Beria was known to be a man who created most hated policies in gulag systems5. But nevertheless by 28th of March 1953 1. million prisoners were released, 400,000 cases were closed and new Gulag projects were abandoned. 6 One can see the situation as promising for many gulag prisoners, but it only looks good on the surface. These prisoners, who were released, only included group of petty criminals and some women with children and none of the politicals. As a result of that many political prisoners were becoming increasingly angry with the situation. 2 Aleksandrovich â€Å"Letters of the Camp doctor† p. 28 Applebaum â€Å"Gulag a History† p. 477 4 Yuri Grunin as cited in Dmitri Bikov’s article â€Å"Prisoners wanted love† 5Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 2 p 204 6 Krutsyk â€Å"The Chronicles of Communist Inquisition† 3 [3] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 In Steplag as Applebaum comments, certain groups of prisoners formed underground organizations by the time the amnesty was proclaimed, which imply that they were planning something. 7However there is a problem with a source provided by Applebaum, which is that she wasn? t there at the time when all of that happened and therefore some of her arguments might be unreliable, due to limited supporting primary sources.Nevertheless there is still an argument that – if the hopes of the prisoners weren? t accomplished then why did the uprising happen only in 1954, a year later after Stalin? s death? Well there could be a lot of answers to this question. Perhaps the circumstances were different, or maybe t hese underground organizations just needed time to put their plan into action. From the points addressed above one can say that for the uprising to happen it needed something more, than just an event like death of Stalin. In other words not every gulag in Soviet Union had an uprising after Stalin? death. So this might imply that something was different in the Steplag. For instance as Applebaum commented there were some underground organizations in Steplag before the uprising, which imply that there were highly organized group of individuals who perhaps planned out everything before acting. But then again the uprising couldn? t be just a spontaneous upheaval without any cause, it needed a spark. Perhaps the circumstances in Steplag were somehow different in 1954 than they were in 1953 and that could? ve served as a spark for the uprising.In order to investigate any further one might look at the other factors like the regime of the camp, Ukrainian leadership and intro of the group of criminals to see whether they have something in common with the arguments presented above. 7 Applebaum p. 495 [4] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Second Reason: Regime of the camp The camp regime in the gulags from 1930 – 1953 was really determined by the three factors: the sentence which prisoners received, the relationship of camp authorities to the prisoners and the attitude of guards towards the inmates.Political prisoners were treated most brutally compared to other prisoners. Especially after 1948 when a group of special camps were introduced that had a very strict regime based on katorga (hard labor), which was created during the war. In his famous book â€Å"Gulag Archipelago† Solzhenitsyn describes the work conditions of (inmates under katorga regime): â€Å"During the work they were surrounded by soldiers with dogs, they were hit, and were beaten by guns†¦It was easy to spot exhausted and to differentiate them from other prisoners. They’re lost and barely walked. 8 This source which Solzhenitsyn provides to the historians might be reliable do to the fact that Solzhenitsyn himself was a , and one can argue that Solzhenitsyn knew what it was like to be that type of prisoner and therefore there is a less chance of bias in this quote. Furthermore from this evidence we can say that the political prisoners had a reason to be angry at the regime and if they had a reason they? re most likely to protest against it. In Steplag there were huge numbers of political prisoners, especially c ounterrevolutionaries, 9which implied that the camp had a very strict regime.In addition authorities never really cared about health conditions of the prisoners. There were moments when inmates had to eat the spoiled food, because the camp executives didn? t really monitor the condition of the food. 10This type of attitude might? ve led to the buildup of the misery among prisoners. But if everything was that bad, why didn? t the prisoners rebel earlier, why they waited until 1954? Was it death of Stalin which gave the prisoners the idea of the terror being over and that the freedom should be given to each of them?Highly unlikely, because even when Stalin died the prisoners were in risk of being shot if they somehow threatened the Soviet system and it should? ve taken prisoners a real courage to cause this massive uprising. So it must? ve been something different, but before exploring argument further one must look at the relationship between prisoners and camp authorities before 1953. 8 Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 3 p. 8 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† see the table 2 at the appendix 10 â€Å"Gulag Many Days Many Lives† Report to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration Nikiforov 9 5] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Prisoners of Steplag really thought that they? re being unfairly treated by the camp authorities. The extract from Soviet magazine Putevka, based o n MVD reports, explores some of the unhappy comments of a prisoner towards the fact that camp executives really didn? t care about the prisoners? complaints: â€Å"Write, for what?! We were writing – and never got a reply. Boxes were set, so we didn’t annoy them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 11 This source analyses the response of the prisoners towards the camp authorities in 1936.Although it can give a historian an idea of what was the general feeling among prisoners towards the camp authorities, it is a bit strange that this kind of information was published, especially in the Soviet Union where the authorities were really careful at hiding information. So therefore it must have some purpose, most likely the propaganda purpose, so therefore it might contain some sort of bias. By using this source one can think to himself that the carelessness of the camp authority was one of the reasons for the tension to build up.And he will be right to think so, because what was bad about the camp authorities was that they didn? t really consider the fact that prisoners were getting angrier over time and that soon they would eventually rise up. Now one might look at the situation in the Steplag after the death of Stalin and fall of Beria. Solzhenitsyn explains that after fall of Beria the guards weren? t receiving salary bonuses for their service as before. 12They had to really prove that their work is worthy of the bonuses, so as a result many of the guards started shooting innocent prisoners and then claimed that inmates tried to run away.One of the infamous killings was the shooting of the Christian in spring of 1954, which resulted massive unrest among the prisoners. The name of the Christian, according to Solzhenitsyn, was Alexander Sisoviev and after his murder many prisoners felt sorry for him because he was serving in Steplag for almost ten years and hardly broke any law to get killed. 13 Later during the uprising one of the prisoners? demands to the authority would be to â€Å"punish the guards who killed the Christian†14 which again emphasizes how strongly were the inmates affected by this murder. 11 Gulag Many Days Many Live† Except from Putevka Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 262 13 Ibid p. 263 14 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† telegram # 044 to the MVD chief Kruglov 12 [6] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 This situation with a Christian might? ve underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe in the camps and that they had to act. But then again these whole innocent killings might? ve been just a spark for all of the misery in the past. For an uprising to be successful it needed a strong leadership. In the Kengir uprising such leadership was taken by the Ukrainians.Third Reason: Ukrainian Leadership The Ukrainians started to arrive to the Steplag after World War II. Unlike the other prisoners these people were really organized and the most important thing was that they didn? t trust the Soviet Union. Ev en the camp authorities have exclaimed this point, by saying that the â€Å"bourgeois ideology† 15has made Ukrainians hostile to the Soviet system. In Steplag particularly there were large numbers of them and they were all mixed with other political prisoners, which was an obvious mistake of the camp authorities, because Ukrainians could expose their viewpoints and ideas to ther prisoners. Because of this everything began to change in the Steplag. Before the arrival of the Ukrainians the camps were filled with prisoners who sni tched on each other. Because of those snitches some of the prisoners were either killed or taken to the prison of the strict regime. Basically snitches were the eyes and ears of the camp administration. When Ukrainians arrived they chose a radical policy in dealing with snitches, by executing them. It was like a new law among prisoners â€Å"Die tonight if you don? t have a pure soul† 16Solzhenitsyn explains.The most remarkable thing about those executions is that the camp authority couldn? t stop them, because they lost all of their informants. Each prisoner knew that if they ever going to snitch again, they? re going to be slashed. But on the other hand Ukrainians didn? t take serious actions against the camp authorities, until 1954. Was it a death of Stalin then, which triggered the uprising? Well it certainly might? ve had the contribution to it, but without the Ukrainians the uprising would? ve never occurred. This change which was occurring in the Gulag camps in some weird way caused the prisoners mindset to change.The killings of the snitches were one of the first examples of freedom movement, as expressed by Solzhenitsyn. However there is another argument that the 15 16 Barnes â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet citizens† p. 824 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 213 [7] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Ukrainians were really opportunists. Whenever the situation fitted them they acted and one can aga in refer back to the killings of the snitches, when Ukrainians basically started killing the informers because they represented a threat to them.Perhaps the death of Stalin was also an opportunity for the Ukrainians in which they thought that this was the time. After the death of Stalin many political prisoners were hoping that they would be released and really it was reflected on the banners which were made during the uprising: â€Å"Long live the Soviet Constitution,† 17or the most famous exclamation made by the Russian Red Army officer and so called the leader of the uprising Kapiton Kuznetsov â€Å"Our salvation lies on loyalty, we must talk to Moscow representatives in a manner befitting Soviet citizens. 18 Ukrainians on the other side never bought into this idea, because during the uprising many of them were in charge of commissions which were responsible for the arming and defending the camp, which in turn implies that they were getting ready for the open conflict. And again after the uprising was crushed by Soviets the Ukrainians were the ones who suffered the most as Barnes explains, even though officially the rebellion was led by the Russian Red Army veterans. 9One of the Ukrainian prisoners who left the camp during the uprising spoke to his fellow Ukrainian prisoners: â€Å"Dear countrymen, they see us westerners as the main authors of the strike? s continuation. † 20So according to the prisoner the Ukrainians were treated badly by the Russians because there was a presence of dominance of one nation over the other, however the other reason could be that the Russians realized that the Ukrainians represented a threat to the political regime of the Soviet Union and in order to calm them down they put pressure on them. 17 Barnes p. 24 Ibid p. 823 19 Ibid p. 837 20 Ibid p. 827 18 [8] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Fourth Reason: Intro of a Large Group of Criminals Criminals were most fearsome group of people in the gulag system, because they were aggr essive, many of them have killed and harassed other people before they? re caught and mostly because they? re unpredictable. Lev Razgon the gulag prisoner describes criminal prisoners: â€Å"They were, in a word, racketeers, gangsters, and members of small mafia†¦ they brazenly cleaned out the new transports, taking all of the best clothes from newcomers. 21There were a lot of tensions between political prisoners and criminals in Steplag. Political prisoners detested criminals for their unlawful actions and in any case tried to avoid them. Criminals most often didn? t do any work at all. If they needed money they stole them from political prisoners by threatening them. Applebaum explains that political prisoners were afraid of criminals because most of them were armed with knives and other sharp objects. 22But everything changed when two groups were separated in the late 1940„s due to constant tensions between them.During the outbreaks of the uprising in the Steplag camp , the criminals were shipped by the camp authorities to calm down the political prisoners, because the authorities thought that politicals were still afraid of the criminals. One can again link this to the idea that the camp authorities really had horrible ways in dealing with conflict situations. Solzhenitsyn supports this idea by stating: â€Å"Here it is the unpredictable nature of the human emotions and social movements.Injecting in Kengir lagpunkt No 3 the mammoth dose of tested ptomaine, bosses obtained not a pacified camp, but the biggest mutiny in the history of the Gulag Archipelago! †23 This source could be reliable to a historian, because although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there at that time when the event happened, he analyses the situation as a historian and provides the reader with his reasoning. The criminals and the politicals for the first time ever joined their efforts to accomplish mutual aims, which again suggest that the atmosphere in Steplag has changed due t o the fact that Stalin died.Conversely one can agree that the criminals didn? t really impacted the uprising much. Yes, they? ve joined efforts with the politicals 21 Lev Razgon as cited in Applebaum’s â€Å"Gulag a history† p. 281 Applebaum p. 282 23 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 266 22 [9] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 and certainly increase their numbers, but one can again argue that the uprising would? ve been caused anyways even without the criminals? presence. Conclusion The introduction of the criminals to the camps didn? t really make any difference, because the uprising was already in progress when they arrived.So in the end, the Kengir uprising was the combination of three factors which included: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp and the leadership of the Ukrainians. All three factors were interlinked and followed consecutive order. At first the uprising needed a cause of some sort, which was brought by the idea that Stalin died and the expected hope s weren? t accomplished. When Stalin died majority of the prisoner population in Steplag hoped for some changes to come, this could be reflected on how they openly celebrated his death in March 1953. But then with Beria? amnesties their expectations and hopes failed and when that happened, based on investigation, they lost all of their patience. Secondly it needed the angry group of people who would agitate their views to the prisoner population about their long term misery and then during the uprising these people would target the prisoners to act. The Ukrainians were those sorts of people. It is only when they arrived the radical changes begun in Steplag, for instance the slashing of the snitches. And one must remember that during the uprising the Ukrainians were the only nes who were preparing for the open conflict which imply that they never really trusted the USSR. And finally it needed some sort of a spark, which was caused by the incompetence of the guards. In 1954 when guard s started shooting at the prisoners just to receive salary bonuses, they made a mistake of shooting the Christian Alexander Sisoviev who was favored among the prisoners. That of course underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe from the authorities, so therefore the only choice for them was to act.Kengir uprising of 1954 marked itself as a remarkable moment in history, not only because it lasted considerable amount of time, but because it marked the end of the Soviet gulags. This in turn can be argued to be the end of the Soviet Union, because this uprising proved that the system couldn? t exist without violence. Only by using violence the government could maintain control. [10] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 A ppendix Table 1: The Nationality of Prisoners (Translated) : According to Nationality 1. (Russians) 2. (Ukrainians) 3. (Byelorussians) 4. (Azerbaijanis) 5. (Georgians) 6. (Armenians) 7. (Turkmens) 8. (Uzbeks) 9. (Tajiks) 10. (Kazakhs) 11. (Kyrgyz) 12. (Lithuanians) 13. (Latvians) 14. (Estonians) 15. (Tatars) 16. (Bashkir) 17. (Udmurt) 2661 9596 878 108 132 154 76 204 54 291 50 2690 1074 873 127 9 20 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. (Chechens) (Ingush) (Jews) (Moldavians) ? (Finnish) (Germans) (Poles) (Romanians) (Iranians) (Afghanis) (Mongols) (Chinese) (Japanese) (Koreans) (Greeks) (Turkish) (Others) 124 56 174 208 16 359 379 24 18 8 2 55 30 52 21 8 167 Table 2: Sentence of the prisoners (Translated) Sentence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Traitors to Motherland Spying Terrorists Trozkyist Wrecking Counterrevolutionary saboteurs Sabotage Anti-Soviet Conspirators Anti-Soviet agitation 14785 1202 772 57 79 57 192 1140 755 10. Rebels 11. Combined Criminal charges 1, 3, 5 12. Combined Criminal charges 1 & 3 13. War Crime 14. Gambling 5. Mugging 16. Job and economic crimes 1421 130 36 10 8 24 19 A r eport of special department of MVD in Steplag camp about the prisoners ’ n ationality and sentence – b y the c hief of the department and the colonel Savchenko a s cited in h ttp://g – to – g. com/index. php? version=rus&module=56&page=16 . [11] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 W orks Cited P rimary Sources A leksandrovich, Vadim. L etters of the Camp Doctor . Moscow: , 1996. S olzhenit syn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 2 . Moscow: , 1991. Print. S olzhenitsyn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 3 .Moscow: , 1991. Print. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † E xcerpt from Putevka. † 1 933. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org /items/show/776>. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † R eport to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration N ikiforov. † 1 939. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org/items/show/766>. S econdary Sources A pplebaum, Anne. G ulag a history . 1st ed. United States of A merica: Anchor Books, a d ivision o f Random House, Inc. 2 003. Print. † Astana Calling. † Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 12 January 2 010. Web. 7 Aug 2010.B arnes, Steven. † In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens†: An Uprising i n the Post – Stalin Gulag . 4. U nited States of America: The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 2 005. 823 – 850. P rint . Bikov, Dmitri. † The Prisoners Wanted Love. † Web. 23 Aug 2010. . â€Å"Documents of Kengir Uprising of 1954. † G-to-G Geologist to Geologist. G-toG. Web. 10 Sep 2010. . K rutsyk, Roman, Yurii S hapovall, and Oleh K ravchenko. â€Å"Chronicles of the Com munistic I nquisition. â€Å". W eb. 7 Aug 2010. < http://memorial. kiev. ua/expo/eng/1953. html >. [12] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Extended Essay For other articles on the Extended Essay on Intense Cogitation, please see our helpful articles on  The Extended Essay Outline  and  Sample sources for an Extended Essay – The American Civil War. Please also check out my  extended essay exemplar  about the American Civil War. As I’m sure you all know, the Extended Essay is a 4000 word essay that is a requirement for the International Baccalaureate Diploma. You can write it in a wide variety of topics and subjects, as long as you have an Extended Essay supervisor (usually a teacher) guiding you along.Most schools encourage students to complete an outline, at the very least, for the Extended Essay at the end of IB1 to prevent students from procrastinating too much in IB2. For some people, the outline can be quite challenging; what if you just want to start writing the essay? What do I include in it? I had similar questions whilst I was writing mine, so I shall divulge some things I discovered for you to think ab out. Generally, it is a good idea to do extensive research  prior  to writing the outline.Presumably by this point you will have already found a subject, topic and a supervisor; if not, ensure that you have all three before continuing. Make notes whilst you are writing so you can pick out common themes and ideas, which will help you immensely when you start writing the thesis. Don’t forget to write the sources down! For example, I started reading about the American Civil War because I saw a documentary on naval warfare. After doing some research, I found something that really interested me — the Battle of Hampton Roads.With this in mind, I proceeded to narrow this down to: VALUE OF THE CONFEDERATE IRONCLAD  Virginia  IN THE BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS, MARCH 8-9, 1862 Don’t worry if it isn’t perfect! Just get your ideas down first–let   editing take care of the problems. Once you have that, try to think of a question that concerns most of the material you have read and digested so far. Is there a problem or question that keeps on coming up in your mind when you are studying this topic? What are some common academic arguments about this topic? Try to shape that into a research question.After that, formulate a thesis which attempts to answer this question. It’s hard to understand, so I’ll show you an example from my outline here: Research Question:  To this day, the question of who won is still debated. One method for analysis would be to study the battle through one ship to determine the extent of the ship’s usefulness to its home country; if the ship was costly and ineffective in battle, it would likely not be the victor. In this battle, a study of the  Virginia  in this battle would be most beneficial since she was present for both days of the battle.Thus, the following research question emerges: how useful was the ironcladVirginia  to the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads? Thesis statement:  To examine the question, this essay will use both primary and secondary sources to explore the Virginia’s impact on industry and economics, and strategic and tactical ramifications of the battle for the Confederacy, including the Virginia’s vulnerabilities and her psychological effect on civilians and combatants. Although the Virginia was a remarkable ship, this essay will prove that the Virginia was of limited use to the Confederate war effort.This wasn’t my final research question or thesis statement, but it gave me enough of a focus to write a first draft. In essence, your task here is to find a central question to your essay, and choose a view point that you think the evidence supports. After that, you are probably ready to write a rough outline of the structure of your Extended Essay — how will you structure the knowledge you’ve learned through research into a persuasive argument? How will you make this relevant to your thesis? W hat evidence will you use?At this stage, it’s probably easiest to just write jot notes of your major arguments and some minor supporting points as it is just an outline, not a draft. It doesn’t have to be very detailed, as illustrated by mine: * Introduce Confederate naval situation and reason for ironclad construction * Introduce Battle of Hampton Roads * Research question * Thesis statement * Plan of attack (see thesis statement paragraph) * Confederate industrial situation * Confederate iron ore shortages * Issues with processing iron ore into iron plating Problems with transporting the finished product to Norfolk * Therefore, transforming the USS  Merrimack  into the ironclad CSS  Virginiawas extremely costly in terms of resources and stressed Confederate industry, which was limited at best * Battle of Hampton Roads * Military events on March 8 * Military events on March 9 * Sum up the battle * Explore weaknesses * Explore other ramifications of the battle (i e. Delay of McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign) * Psychological effect on civilians and government officials * In essence, the military value of the  Virginia  was marginal at best.She was extremely flawed, and marginally seaworthy. The Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw since she did not make a significant breakthrough, and thus all the effort and resources that the Confederacy spent on her was all for naught. She was more useful as a psychological weapon, but even that could not prevent superior Union industry and resources from overrunning the Confederacy both on land and sea. * Conclusion * The  Virginia  was the Confederacy’s V-1 and V-2.Although she was technologically advanced for her time, she did not win the important Battle of Hampton Roads, nor did she have any significant long-term effect on the war. * In essence, she was of little use to the Confederacy. Once you have these major components in your essay outline, you’re probably ready to submit it to your supervisor. Keep a copy for yourself so you can still use it as a road map when you start writing your essay draft! As mentioned above, it might also be a good idea to include the sources you’ve used so far so you don’t forget about it in your final copy! Any questions? Leave a comment!